Carbon in Earth's Interior

This book is Open Access. A digital copy can be downloaded for free from Wiley Online Library.

Explores the behavior of carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids under extreme conditions

Carbon trapped in diamonds and carbonate-bearing rocks in subduction zones are examples of the continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth’s surface and its interior. However, there is still much to learn about the forms, transformations, and movements of carbon deep inside the Earth.

Carbon in Earth's Interior presents recent research on the physical and chemical behavior of carbon-bearing materials and serves as a reference point for future carbon science research.

Volume highlights include:

• Data from mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, and geodynamics
• Research on the deep carbon cycle and carbon in magmas or fluids
• Dynamics, structure, stability, and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials
• Properties of allied substances that carry carbon
• Rates of chemical and physical transformations of carbon

The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Contributors vii

Preface xi

1. Pressure‐Induced sp²‐sp³ Transitions in Carbon‐Bearing Phases 1
Sergey S. Lobanov and Alexander F. Goncharov

2. High‐Pressure Carbonaceous Phases as Minerals 11
Oliver Tschauner

3. Phase and Melting Relations of Fe₃C to 300 GPa and Carbon in the Core 25
Suguru Takahashi, Eiji Ohtani, Takeshi Sakai, Seiji Kamada, Shin Ozawa, Tatsuya Sakamaki, Masaaki Miyahara, Yoshinori Ito, Naohisa Hirao, and Yasuo Ohishi

4. Structure and Properties of Liquid Fe‐C Alloys at High Pressures by Experiments and First‐Principles Calculations 37
Bin Chen and Jianwei Wang

5. A Geologic Si‐O‐C Pathway to Incorporate Carbon in Silicates 47
Alexandra Navrotsky, John Percival, and Larissa Dobrzhinetskaya

6. Structural and Chemical Modifications of Carbon Dioxide on Transport to the Deep Earth 55
Mario Santoro, Federico A. Gorelli, Kamil Dziubek, Demetrio Scelta, and Roberto Bini

7. Carbon Redox Chemistry: Deep Carbon Dioxide and Carbonates 67
Choong‐Shik Yoo

8. Crystallization of Water Mediated by Carbon 77
Tianshu Li, Yuanfei Bi, and Boxiao Cao

9. Structures and Crystal Chemistry of Carbonate at Earth’s Mantle Conditions 87
Marco Merlini, Sula Milani, and Juliette Maurice

10. Nitrogen Diffusion in Calcite 97
Daniele Cherniak, Morgan Schaller, and Bruce Watson

11. High‐Pressure Transformations and Stability of Ferromagnesite in the Earth’s Mantle 105
Eglantine Boulard, François Guyot, and Guillaume Fiquet

12. Spin Transition of Iron in Deep‐Mantle Ferromagnesite 115
Jiachao Liu, Suyu Fu, and Jung‐Fu Lin

13. High‐Pressure Na‐Ca Carbonates in the Deep Carbon Cycle 127
Sergey Rashchenko, Anton Shatskiy, and Konstantin Litasov

14. Phase Diagrams of Carbonate Materials at High Pressures, with Implications for Melting and Carbon Cycling in the Deep Earth 137
Konstantin Litasov, Anton Shatskiy, Ivan Podborodnikov, and Anton Arefiev

15. Reactive Preservation of Carbonate in Earth’s Mantle Transition Zone 167
Jie Li, Feng Zhu, Jiachao Liu, and Junjie Dong

16. Carbon Speciation and Solubility in Silicate Melts 179
Natalia Solomatova, Razvan Caracas, and Ronald Cohen

17. The Effect of Variable Na/K on the CO₂ Content of Slab‐Derived Rhyolitic Melts 195
Michelle Muth, Megan S. Duncan, and Rajdeep Dasgupta

18. Hydrous Carbonatitic Liquids Drive CO₂ Recycling From Subducted Marls and Limestones 209
Erwin Schettino and Stefano Poli

19. The Viscosity of Carbonate‐Silicate Transitional Melts at Earth’s Upper Mantle Pressures and Temperatures, Determined by the In Situ Falling‐Sphere Technique 223
Vincenzo Stagno, Yoshio Kono, Veronica Stopponi, Matteo Masotta, Piergiorgio Scarlato, and Craig E. Manning

20. Mixed Fluids of Water and Carbon Dioxide 237
Evan Abramson

21. Experimental Determination of Calcite Solubility in H₂O‐KCl‐NaCl‐LiCl Solutions at 700^°C and 8 kbar 245
James Eguchi, Yuan Li, and Craig E. Manning

22. The Changing Character of Carbon in Fluids with Pressure: Organic Geochemistry of Earth’s Upper Mantle Fluids 259
Dimitri Sverjensky, Isabelle Daniel, and Alberto Vitale Brovarone

23. Free Energies of Reaction for Aqueous Glycine Condensation Chemistry at Extreme Temperatures 271
Matthew Kroonblawd and Nir Goldman

24. Predicted Speciation of Carbon in Subduction Zone Fluids 285
Meghan Guild and Everett L. Shock

25. Energetics of the Citric Acid Cycle in the Deep Biosphere 303
Peter A. Canovas, III and Everett L. Shock

26. Deep Hydrocarbon Cycle: An Experimental Simulation 329
Vladimir Kutcherov, Kirill Ivanov, Elena Mukhina, and Aleksandr Serovaiskii

27. Diamondoids Under Pressure 341
Sulgiye Park, Yu Lin, and Wendy L. Mao

Index 351

Craig E. Manning, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Jung-Fu Lin, University of Texas at Austin, USA

Wendy L. Mao, Stanford University, USA

GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES Carbon in Earth's Interior

Carbon trapped in diamonds and carbonate-bearing rocks in subduction zones are examples of the continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth's surface and its interior. However, there is still much to learn about the forms, transformations, and movements of carbon deep inside the Earth.

Carbon in Earth's Interior presents recent research on the physical and chemical behavior of carbon-bearing materials and serves as a reference point for future carbon science research.

Volume highlights include:

• Data from mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, and geodynamics
• Research on the deep carbon cycle and carbon in magmas or fluids
• Dynamics, structure, stability, and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials
• Properties of allied substances that carry carbon
• Rates of chemical and physical transformations of carbon