{"product_id":"carbohydrate-based-vaccines-and-immunotherapies-isbn-9780470197561","title":"Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe fundamental science and the latest developments in carbohydrate-based vaccines\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relatively new field of glycoimmunology has emerged from the marriage of glycobiology and immunology, in recognition of the important role carbohydrates play as antigenic determinants. \u003ci\u003eCarbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies\u003c\/i\u003e comprehensively reviews the state of this exciting field, offering a single source for both the fundamental science and the latest developments.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith contributions by leading experts, this resource covers the design, synthesis, evaluation, and applications of various carbohydrate-based vaccines, including polysaccharides, neoglycoproteins, and neoglycolipids. The text approaches vaccine design from a chemical and molecular focus, staying in line with current advances.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey topics covered by \u003ci\u003eCarbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies\u003c\/i\u003e include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecent developments towards clinically useful vaccines against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing adjuvants to improve immunogenicity and\/or immunological properties of vaccines\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eChoosing and designing proper adjuvants for specific targets\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAbnormal carbohydrates expressed by tumors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCarbohydrate-based therapeutic cancer vaccines or cancer immunotherapy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eClinical trials results for synthetic cancer vaccines\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eGlycoengineering of cell surface carborhydrates and its anticancer applications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing cell surface carbohydrates for disease diagnosis\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eA single, convenient source of state-of-the-art information from leading authorities in the field, \u003ci\u003eCarbohydrate-Based Vaccines and Immunotherapies\u003c\/i\u003e is an essential reference for organic chemists and biochemists, academic researchers, and other students and professionals involved in vaccine design.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Glycobiology and Immunology 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUdayanath Aich and Kevin J. Yarema\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Glycobiology 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Glycosylation—Is It Worth the Cost? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Glycan Biosynthesis—A Dauntingly Complex Process 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Glycoproteins 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Lipid-Based Glycans 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Polysaccharides: Glycosaminoglycans and Bacterial Capsular Components 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Immune System 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Introductory Comments 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Overview of the Immune System 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Glycoimmunobiology 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Interplay between Glycosylation and Sugars: a Two-Way Street 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Carbohydrate Antigens 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Carbohydrate Antigens in Humans 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Carbohydrates and Pathogens 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Concluding Comments: Building on Success 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Preparation of Glycoconjugate Vaccines 55\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWei Zou and Harold J. Jennings\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Capsular Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugates 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 \u003ci\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c\/i\u003e Type b 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c\/i\u003e 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 \u003ci\u003eNeisseria meningitidis\u003c\/i\u003e 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 \u003ci\u003eSalmonella typhi Vi\u003c\/i\u003e 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Group B \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus\u003c\/i\u003e 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 \u003ci\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c\/i\u003e Types 5 and 8 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) Conjugates 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 \u003ci\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c\/i\u003e O157 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 \u003ci\u003eVibrio cholerae\u003c\/i\u003e O1 and O139 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 \u003ci\u003eShigella dysenteriae\u003c\/i\u003e Type 1, sonnei and \u003ci\u003eflexneri 2a\u003c\/i\u003e 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 \u003ci\u003eNeisseria meningitidis\u003c\/i\u003e and Nontypeable \u003ci\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c\/i\u003e 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Total Synthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccines 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Adjuvants for Protein- and Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines 89\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBruno Guy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Initiation and Stimulation of Adaptive Responses 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 “Old” Adjuvants and Formulations 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Aluminum 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Emulsions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Saponins, QS21, and ISCOMS 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Liposomes and Microparticles 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Antigen\/Formulation Targeting 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Induction of CD8 CTLs with Soluble Antigens 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Renaissance of Innate Immunity 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Toll-Like Receptors: Agonists and Roles 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Non-TLRs Innate Receptors 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Other Receptors Involved in Antigen Capture and Recognition 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 From Basic Research to Practical Applications: Identification of New Adjuvants 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 TLR Synthetic Agonists 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Combination of PRR Agonists 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Adjuvants for Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Td and Ti B-Cell Responses 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Adjuvants for “Free” Polysaccharides (Ti Antigens) 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Adjuvants for Glycoconjugate Vaccines (T-Dependent Antigens) 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Combinations of Adjuvants: Preclinical and Clinical Developments 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Immunomodulation of Existing Responses: Adjuvants for Therapeutic Vaccines 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Take Another Route 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Adjuvants for Mucosal Immunization 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Epidermal or Intradermal Routes 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Practical Aspects of Adjuvant Development 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Regulatory Aspects 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Safety versus Efficacy: Risk–Benefit Ratio 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Preclinical Models Used in Adjuvant Development 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11.1 Animal Models 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11.2 In vitro Models 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Conclusions and Perspectives 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Carbohydrate-Based Antibacterial Vaccines 117\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert A. Pon and Harold J. Jennings\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Polysaccharide and Glycoconjugate Immunobiology 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Deficiencies in the Human Immune Response to Polysaccharides 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Glycoconjugate Vaccines 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 \u003ci\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c\/i\u003e 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Hib Polysaccharides 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Hib Conjugate Vaccines 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 \u003ci\u003eNeisseria meningitidis\u003c\/i\u003e 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c\/i\u003e 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Impact on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Impact on Acute Otitis Media 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Group B \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus\u003c\/i\u003e 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 \u003ci\u003eSalmonella typhi\u003c\/i\u003e 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Conjugate Vaccines: Future Concerns 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Summary 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Carbohydrate-Based Antiviral Vaccines 167\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBenjamin M. Swarts and Zhongwu Guo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Viral Glycosylation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Viral N-glycosylation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Carbohydrates of HIV 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Carbohydrates of Influenza A Virus 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Carbohydrates in Hepatitis C Virus 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Carbohydrates in Other Viruses 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Vaccine and Drug Development 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Human Immune Deficiency Virus 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Influenza A Virus 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Hepatitis C Virus 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Conclusions 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Carbohydrate-Based Antiparasitic Vaccines 195\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFaustin Kamena, Xinyu Liu, and Peter H. Seeberger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 GPI-Based Antimalarial Vaccine 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 GPI as a Malaria Toxin 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Synthetic GPI as Antitoxic Malaria Vaccine Candidate 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Synthetic GPI Microarray to Define Antimalarial Antibody Response 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 LPG-Based Antileishmanial Vaccine 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 LPG in Leishmaniasis Pathogenesis 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Synthetic Phosphoglycan Repeating Unit as Potential Antileishmanial Vaccine 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Synthetic LPG Cap Oligosaccharide as Antileishmanial Vaccine Candidate 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Other Examples 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Fucosylated \u003ci\u003eN\u003c\/i\u003e-glycan as Potential Vaccine Lead against Schistosomiasis 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 GPIs as Potential Vaccine Lead against Toxoplasmosis and Chagas’ Disease 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Perspectives and Future Challenge 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Carbohydrate-Based Antifungal Vaccines 215\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMagdia De Jesus, Liise-anne Pirofski, and Arturo Casadevall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Terminology 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Vaccination versus Immunization 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Toxoids 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Glycoconjugates 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Antifungal Glycoconjugate Vaccines 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 \u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eneoformans\u003c\/i\u003e Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugates 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Development of Alternative Vaccines for \u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eneoformans\u003c\/i\u003e 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 \u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003ealbicans\u003c\/i\u003e Mannan–Protein Conjugates 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 β-Glucan–Protein Conjugates 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Antifungal Vaccines and the Immune System 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Summary 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Cancer-Associated and Related Glycosphingolipid Antigens 227\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven B. Levery\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Structural Classification of Antigens 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 “Abnormal” Expression of Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Glycan Structures in Cancer Tissues 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Discussion of Selected Antigens 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Globo-Series and Related Antigens 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Ganglio-Series Antigens 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Lacto-Series (Type 1 Chain; Lc\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003en\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e) Antigens 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Neolacto-Series (Type 2 Chain; nLc\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e) Antigens 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Other Antigens 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Le\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e-Le\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e and Le\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e-Le\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Le\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e-Le\u003csup\u003ex\u003c\/sup\u003e 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Semisynthetic and Fully Synthetic Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccines 263\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTherese Buskas, Pamela Thompson, and Geert-Jan Boons\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction to Cancer Vaccines 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens (TACAs) 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccines 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Humoral Immune Response to Carbohydrates 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 MHC-Mediated Immune Response to Glycopeptides 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Toll-Like Receptors and the Link Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Chemical Synthesis of Tumor-Associated Carbohydrates and Glycopeptides 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Semisynthetic Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccines 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Fully Synthetic Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Vaccines 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 B-Epitope and Receptor Ligand Di-Epitope Constructs 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 B- and T-Cell Di-Epitope Constructs 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Tricomponent Vaccines 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Glycoengineering of Cell Surface Sialic Acid and Its Application to Cancer Immunotherapy 313\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhongwu Guo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Engineering of Cell Surface Sialic Acids 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Sialic Acid Engineering for Modulation of Cell Surface Reactivity 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Sialic Acid Engineering for Cancer Immunotherapy 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: Clinical Trials and Applications 333\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHans H. Wandall and Mads A. Tarp\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Relation to Cancer Immunotherapy 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Design Issues for Clinical Cancer Vaccine Trials 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Clinical Development of Cancer Vaccines 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Proof of Principle Trials 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Dose and Administration Schedule 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Endpoints: Biological Activity and Clinical Activity 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Efficacy Trials 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Clinical Endpoints in Efficacy Trials 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Challenges in Vaccine Development 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Defining the Target Tumor-Associated Antigens 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Production and Storage Issues 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Clinical Trials 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.1 Glycosphingolipid-Based Vaccines 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.2 \u003ci\u003eO\u003c\/i\u003e-glycan-Based Vaccines 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Conclusions 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Carbohydrates as Unique Structures for Disease Diagnosis 367\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKate Rittenhouse-Olson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Viruses 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Infectious Mononucleosis 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Influenza A and B 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Bacteria 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus pyogenes\u003c\/i\u003e 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Groups A, B, C, D, F, and G \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus\u003c\/i\u003e 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 \u003ci\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c\/i\u003e 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Meningitis 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 \u003ci\u003eChlamydia trachomatis\u003c\/i\u003e 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Future 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Fungi 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 \u003ci\u003eAspergillus fumigatus\u003c\/i\u003e 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Invasive Candidiasis 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 \u003ci\u003eCryptococcus neoformans\u003c\/i\u003e 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 \u003ci\u003eHistoplasma capsulatum\u003c\/i\u003e 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Parasites 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 \u003ci\u003eEchinococcus multilocularis\u003c\/i\u003e 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 \u003ci\u003eClonorchis sinensis\u003c\/i\u003e 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 \u003ci\u003eTrichinella\u003c\/i\u003e 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 \u003ci\u003eSchistosoma mansoni\u003c\/i\u003e 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Autoimmunity 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Diabetes 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Cold Agglutinin Disease 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Tumors 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Bladder 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Breast 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3 Colon 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.4 Liver 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.5 Lung 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.6 Melanoma 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.7 Ovarian 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.8 Pancreatic 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.9 Prostate 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Inherited or Acquired Disorders of Glycosylation 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 395\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cb\u003eZhongwu Guo\u003c\/b\u003e is a Professor of Chemistry at Wayne State University. The winner of the American Chemical Society's 2005 New Investigator Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Dr. Guo serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, speaks regularly at international conferences, and has authored more than ninety peer-reviewed publications.  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeert-Jan Boons\u003c\/b\u003e is a Franklin Professor of Chemistry at the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CRCR) of the University of Georgia. The winner of the European Carbohydrate Association's Carbohydrate Research Award for Creativity in Carbohydrate Science, and the American Chemical Society's Horace Isbell Award, Dr. Boons serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988884537573,"sku":"NP9780470197561","price":179.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470197561.jpg?v=1761781912","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/carbohydrate-based-vaccines-and-immunotherapies-isbn-9780470197561","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}