{"product_id":"biorefineries-and-chemical-processes-isbn-9781119990864","title":"Biorefineries and Chemical Processes","description":"\u003cp\u003eAs the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. B\u003ci\u003eiorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis\u003c\/i\u003e presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction:\u003c\/b\u003e An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools:\u003c\/b\u003e Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcess synthesis and design:\u003c\/b\u003e Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. Discusses thermochemical and biochemical processing of biomass, production of chemicals and polymers from biomass, and processes for carbon dioxide capture.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiorefinery systems:\u003c\/b\u003e Presents biorefinery process synthesis using whole system analysis. Discusses bio-oil and algae biorefineries, integrated fuel cells and renewables, and heterogeneous catalytic reactors.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompanion website:\u003c\/b\u003e Four case studies, additional exercises and examples are available online, together with three supplementary chapters which address waste and emission minimization, energy storage and control systems, and the optimization and reuse of water.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis textbook is designed to bridge a gap between engineering design and sustainability assessment, for advanced students and practicing process designers and engineers.\u003c\/p\u003e  Preface xiii  \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompanionWebsite xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI INTRODUCTION 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Fundamentals of the Biorefinery Concept 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Biorefinery Principles 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Biorefinery Types and Development 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Biorefinery Features and Nomenclature 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: Biomass 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Chemical Nature of Biorefinery Feedstocks 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Feedstock Characterization 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Processes and Platforms 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Biorefinery Products 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Optimization of Preprocessing and Fractionation for Bio Based Manufacturing 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Background of Lignin 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Electrochemistry Application in Biorefineries 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Introduction to Energy and Water Systems 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Evaluating Biorefinery Performances 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.1 Performance Indicators 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.2 Life Cycle Analysis 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Chapters 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Summary 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eII TOOLS 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Economic Analysis 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 General Economic Concepts and Terminology 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Capital Cost and Battery Limits 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Cost Index 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Economies of Scale 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Operating Cost 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Cash Flows 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Time Value of Money 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis and Net Present Value 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Profitability Analysis 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9 Learning Effect 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Methodology 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Capital Cost Estimation 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Profitability Analysis 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Cost Estimation and Correlation 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Capital Cost 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Operating Cost 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Summary 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Exercises 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Heat Integration and Utility System Design 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Process Integration 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Network Using Pinch Technology 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Data Extraction 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Construction of Temperature–Enthalpy Profiles 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Application of the Graphical Approach for Energy Recovery 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Utility System 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Components in Utility System 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conceptual Design of Heat Recovery System for Cogeneration 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Conventional Approach 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Heuristic Based Approach 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Summary 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Life Cycle Assessment 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Life Cycle Thinking 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Policy Context 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 LCA: Goal and Scope Definition 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 LCA: Inventory Analysis 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 LCA: Impact Assessment 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Global Warming Potential 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Land Use 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Resource Use 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Ozone Layer Depletion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Acidification Potential 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Aquatic Ecotoxicity 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.8 Eutrophication Potential 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.9 Biodiversity 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 LCA: Interpretation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Stand-Alone LCA 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Accounting LCA 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Change Oriented LCA 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Allocation Method 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 LCIA Methods 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Future R\u0026amp;D Needs 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Data Uncertainty and Multicriteria Analyses 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Data Uncertainty Analysis 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Dominance Analysis 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Contribution Analysis 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Scenario Analysis 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Multicriteria Analysis 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Economic Value and Environmental Impact Analysis of Biorefinery Systems 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Socioeconomic Analysis 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Summary 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Value Analysis 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Value on Processing (VOP) and Cost of Production (COP) of Process Network Streams 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Value Analysis Heuristics 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Stream Economic Profile 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Concept of Boundary and Evaluation of Economic Margin of a Process Network 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Stream Profitability Analysis 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Value Analysis to Determine Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Streams to be Profitable or Nonprofitable 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Summary 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Combined Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Analysis 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Equivalency Between Economic and Environmental Impact Concepts 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Evaluation of Streams 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Environmental Impact Profile 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Product Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI) Profile 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Summary 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Optimization 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Linear Optimization 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Step 1: Rewriting in Standard LP Format 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Step 2: Initializing the Simplex Method 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Step 3: Obtaining an Initial Basic Solution 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Step 4: Determining Simplex Directions 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Step 5: Determining the Maximum Step Size by the Minimum Ratio Rule 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Step 6: Updating the Basic Variables 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Nonlinear Optimization 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Gradient Based Methods 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) Algorithm 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Mixed Integer Linear or Nonlinear Optimization 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Branch and Bound Method 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Stochastic Method 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) Optimization 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 GA in MATLAB 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Summary 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIII PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Generic Reactors: Thermochemical Processing of Biomass 253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 General Features of Thermochemical Conversion Processes 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Combustion 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Gasification 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 The Process 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Types of Gasifier 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Design Considerations 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Pyrolysis 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 What is Bio-Oil? 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 How Is Bio-Oil Obtained from Biomass? 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 How Fast Pyrolysis Works 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Summary 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Reaction Thermodynamics 271\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Fundamentals of Design Calculation 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Heat of Combustion 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Higher and Lower Heating Values 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Theoretical Air-to-Fuel Ratio 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Cold Gas Efficiency 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.6 Hot Gas Efficiency 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.7 Equivalence Ratio 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.8 Carbon Conversion 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.9 Heat of Reaction 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Process Design: Synthesis and Modeling 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Combustion Model 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Gasification Model 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Pyrolysis Model 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Summary 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Reaction and Separation Process Synthesis: Chemical Production from Biomass 295\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Chemicals from Biomass: An Overview 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Bioreactor and Kinetics 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 An Example of Lactic Acid Production 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 An Example of Succinic Acid Production 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Heat Transfer Strategies for Reactors 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 An Example of Ethylene Production 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 An Example of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Controlled Acid Hydrolysis Reactions 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Advanced Separation and Reactive Separation 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Membrane Based Separations 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Membrane Filtration 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Electrodialysis 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Ion Exchange 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Integrated Processes 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.6 Reactive Extraction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.7 Reactive Distillation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.8 Crystallization 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.9 Precipitation 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Guidelines for Integrated Biorefinery Design 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 An Example of Levulinic Acid Production: The Biofine Process 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Summary 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Polymer Processes 373\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Polymer Concepts 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Polymer Classification 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Polymer Properties 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 From Petrochemical Based Polymers to Biopolymers 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Modified Natural Biopolymers 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Starch Polymers 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Cellulose Polymers 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Natural Fiber and Lignin Composites 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Modeling of Polymerization Reaction Kinetics 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Chain-Growth or Addition Polymerization 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Step-Growth Polymerization 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Copolymerization 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Reactor Design for Biomass Based Monomers and Biopolymers 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Design for Reaction in Gaseous Phase 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Bioreactor Design for Biopolymer Production – An Example of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Catalytic Reactor Design 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Energy Transfer Models of Reactors 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Synthesis of Unit Operations Combining Reaction and Separation Functionalities 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Reactive Distillation Column 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 An Example of a Novel Reactor Arrangement 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Integrated Biopolymer Production in Biorefineries 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Polyesters 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Polyurethanes 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Polyamides 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Polycarbonates 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Summary 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Separation Processes: Carbon Capture 425\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Absorption 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Absorption Process Flowsheet Synthesis 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The RectisolTM Technology 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Design and Operating Regions of RectisolTM Process 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Energy Consumption of a RectisolTM Process 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 The SelexolTM Technology 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 SelexolTM Process Parametric Analysis 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Adsorption Process 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Kinetic Modeling of SMR Reactions 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Adsorption Modeling of Carbon Dioxide 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Sorption Enhanced Reaction (SER) Process Dynamic Modeling Framework 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Chemical Looping Combustion 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Low Temperature Separation 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Summary 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIV BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS 475\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Bio-Oil Refining I: Fischer–Tropsch Liquid and Methanol Synthesis 477\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Bio-Oil Upgrading 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Physical Upgrading 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Chemical Upgrading 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Biological Upgrading 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Distributed and Centralized Bio-Oil Processing Concept 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 The Concept 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 The Economics of Local Distribution of Bio-Oil 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 The Economics of Importing Bio-Oil from Other Countries 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Integrated Thermochemical Processing of Bio-Oil into Fuels 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Synthetic Fuel Production 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Methanol Production 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Modeling, Integration and Analysis of Thermochemical Processes of Bio-Oil 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Flowsheet Synthesis and Modeling 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Summary 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Bio-Oil Refining II: Novel Membrane Reactors 497\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Bio-Oil Co-Processing in Crude Oil Refinery 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Membrane for Hydrogen Production and Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Bio-Oil Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Reaction Mechanisms and a MIEC Membrane Reactor Based Bio-Oil Upgrader Process Flowsheet 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 A Coursework Problem 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Summary 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Fuel Cells and Other Renewables 515\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Biomass Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (BGFC) System Modeling for Design, Integration and Analysis 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Simulation of Integrated BGFC Flowsheets 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Heat Integration of BGFC Flowsheets 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Analysis of Processing Chains in BGFC Flowsheets 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 SOFC Gibbs Free Energy Minimization Modeling 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Design of SOFC Based Micro-CHP Systems 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Fuel Cell and SOFC Design Parameterization Suitable for Spreadsheet Implementation 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.1 Mass Balance 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.2 Electrochemical Descriptions 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.3 An air Blower Power Consumption 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.4 Combustor Modeling 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.5 Energy Balance 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Summary 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Algae Biorefineries 547\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Algae Cultivation 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Open Pond Cultivation 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Photobioreactors (PBRs) 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Algae Harvesting and Oil Extraction 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Harvesting 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Extraction 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Algae Biodiesel Production 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Biodiesel Process 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Transesterification 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Algae Biorefinery Integration 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Algae Biorefineries 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Summary 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion Modeling: Example of Biodiesel 581\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Elementary Reaction Mechanism and Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling of the Biodiesel Production System 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Solution Strategy for the Rate Equations Resulting from the Elementary Reaction Mechanism 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 Correlation between Concentration and Activity of Species Using the UNIQUAC Contribution Method 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4 An Example of EXCEL Spreadsheet Based UNIQUAC Calculation for a Biodiesel Production System is Shown in Detail for Implementation in Online Resource Material, Chapter 18 – Additional Exercises and Examples 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.5 Intrinsic Kinetic Modeling Framework 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Diffusion Modeling 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Multi-scale Mass Transfer Modeling 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Dimensionless Physical Parameter Groups 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Summary 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV ONLINE RESOURCES\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeb Chapter 1: Waste and Emission Minimization\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeb Chapter 2: Energy Storage and Control Systems\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeb Chapter 3: Water Reuse, Footprint and Optimization Analysis\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 1: Biomass CHP Plant Design Problem – LCA and Cost Analysis\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 2: Comparison between Epoxy Resin Productions from Algal or Soya Oil – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 3: Waste Water Sludge Based CHP and Agricultural Application System – An LCA Based Problem Solving Approach\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 4: LCA Approach for Solar Organic Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturing\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“In conclusion, this book introduces the reader to the rapidly-developing industry of  biorefineries, with a multi-disciplinary approach. It is a good resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students who want to learn about biorefineries; it can also be valuable for researchers who are looking to practically apply these analytical tools in their work.”  (\u003ci\u003eGreen Process Synth\u003c\/i\u003e, 4 February 2015)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003eJhuma Sadhukhan\u003c\/b\u003e Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, UK\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eKok Siew Ng\u003c\/b\u003e Centre for Process Integration, The University of Manchester, UK\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eElias Martinez\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eH.\u003c\/b\u003e Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, UK \u003cp\u003eAs the range of feedstocks, process technologies and products expand, biorefineries will become increasingly complex manufacturing systems. B\u003ci\u003eiorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis\u003c\/i\u003e presents process modelling and integration, and whole system life cycle analysis tools for the synthesis, design, operation and sustainable development of biorefinery and chemical processes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction:\u003c\/b\u003e An introduction to the concept and development of biorefineries.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools:\u003c\/b\u003e Included here are the methods for detailed economic and environmental impact analyses; combined economic value and environmental impact analysis; life cycle assessment (LCA); multi-criteria analysis; heat integration and utility system design; mathematical programming based optimization and genetic algorithms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcess synthesis and design:\u003c\/b\u003e Focuses on modern unit operations and innovative process flowsheets. Discusses thermochemical and biochemical processing of biomass, production of chemicals and polymers from biomass, and processes for carbon dioxide capture.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiorefinery systems:\u003c\/b\u003e Presents biorefinery process synthesis using whole system analysis. Discusses bio-oil and algae biorefineries, integrated fuel cells and renewables, and heterogeneous catalytic reactors.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompanion website:\u003c\/b\u003e Four case studies, additional exercises and examples are available online, together with three supplementary chapters which address waste and emission minimization, energy storage and control systems, and the optimization and reuse of water.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis textbook is designed to bridge a gap between engineering design and sustainability assessment, for advanced students and practicing process designers and engineers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988841480421,"sku":"NP9781119990864","price":139.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119990864.jpg?v=1761781734","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/biorefineries-and-chemical-processes-isbn-9781119990864","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}