{"product_id":"beneath-the-mask-isbn-9780471724124","title":"Beneath the Mask","description":"Beneath the Mask presents classic theories of human nature, much as each theorist might if the theorist were to teach his or her ideas to people encountering them for the first time. Through a theorist-by-theorist approach, this Eighth Edition continues to explore the ideas of personality theorists developmentally, incorporating the personal origins of ideas to illuminate links between the psychology of each theorist and that theorist's own psychology of persons. Beneath the Mask presents the \"sequence of thinking\" for more than 20 theorists and demonstrates how the thinking that led to major theories is nested in the life experience of the theorists within the context of the surrounding culture. The authors emphasize each theorist's life history as the basis for the ideas that constitute his or her theories, making them easier to understand as \"pictures of human nature.\"  \u003cp\u003eJohn P. Wilson has revised the text in a manner that preserves and improves upon the best features of the late Robert N. Sollod and Christopher Monte's work.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Basic Issues: How to Approach the Study of Personality\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eTheories 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Useful Metaphor: The Mask and the Person Beneath 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeginning the Study of Personality: A Personal Note 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne Truth or Many Perspectives? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonality Theories as Creative Solutions to Personal Problems 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat About Abnormal Psychology? 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonology Or Personality Theory? 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of Culture and Society 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Major Tools for Evaluating Personality Theories 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Dimensions of Personality Theories 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Welcoming Words 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Sigmund Freud \/ \u003ci\u003ePsychoanalysis: The Clinical Evidence\u003c\/i\u003e 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Freud’s Clinical Psychoanalysis\u003c\/i\u003e 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Personal Aside: Why Study Freud’s Ideas? 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hysterical Neurosis of Bertha Pappenheim 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Clouds”: Self-Induced Hypnosis 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypnosis and Hysteria: From Pathology to Cure 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrau Emmy Von N. 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Clue in the Discovery of Free Association: Freud Learns to Listen 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theoretical Yield from Frau Emmy’s Therapy 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Evolution of Method: Fraülein Von R. 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond Clue to the Free Association Method: The Pressure or Concentration Technique 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theoretical Yield from Fraülein Ilona Weiss’s Therapy 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Final Clue to the Free Association Method 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreud’s Continuing Theorizing about Hypnosis 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompromise Formation: The Meaning of Symptoms 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Motives as the Basis of Conflict: Origins of the Hypothesis 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreud’s Integrity Questioned— and the Questioner Questioned 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of the Hypothesis: Freud’s Self-Analysis 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychosexual Development: Oedipus and Electra 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Complete Oedipal Complex 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychosexual Stages: Libidinal Organization 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Clinical Psychoanalysis 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Sigmund Freud \/ \u003ci\u003ePsychoanalysis: The Dynamic Model of the Mind \u003c\/i\u003e74\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Freud’s Model of the Mind\u003c\/i\u003e 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDreams as Wish Fulfillment 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources: Freud’s Father and Mother Dreams 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManifest and Latent Dream Content: The Mask 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour Processes of Dream Work 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy of the Dream: Theoretical Yield 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Reality Principle 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Meanings of the Unconscious in Psychoanalysis 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetapsychology of Repression 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstincts of the Unconscious 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of Instincts 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDualistic Division of the Instincts: Hunger versus Love 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehaviors Beyond the Pleasure Principle: The Clinical Evidence 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduction of the Pleasure Principle to a Pleasure “Tendency” 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevision of Instinct Theory: Eros and Death 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Final Structural Model of the Mind 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Id 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ego 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Superego 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eId, Ego, Superego Interactions 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreud’s Changing Conceptions of Anxiety 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Theoretical Psychoanalysis 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Alfred Adler \/ \u003ci\u003eIndividual Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdler’s Individual Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdler’s Boyhood Difficulties: Illness, Rejection, and the Fear of Death 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreud and Adler: Dissent over the Fundamental Human Motive 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdler’s Differences with Freud 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn Human Nature—Adler, the Naϊıve Optimist, or Freud, the Realistic Pessimist?125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Minus to Plus Self-Estimates 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasculine Protest: Not for Men Only 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Interest and Adler’s Religious Values 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuality, Social Interest and Style of Life: Vaihinger’s Idea of Fictional Finalism 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombining Vaihinger’s Ideas with His Own Theory 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Neurotic Personality: Overdoing the Search for Perfection 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Interest and the Tasks of Life 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuality, Social Interest, and Style of Life 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Recollections as Indicators of Style of Life 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdinal Position within the Family as Indicator of Style of Life 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Alfred Adler 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Carl Gustav Jung \/ \u003ci\u003eAnalytical Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Jung’s Analytical Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental Study of Word Associations 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Complex Indicators 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovering a Case of Criminally Negligent Homicide through the Word Association Test 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJung’s Concept of Libido 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Principles of Equivalence and Entropy 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning from Ancient Mythology 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisionary and Creative or Just Crazy? 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJung and Freud: From Admiration to Bitterness 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJung’s Philosophical Background 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Psyche: Ego, Personal, and Collective Unconscious 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArchetypes and Their Origins 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArchetypes, Popular Culture, and Society 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJungian Attitude Types: Freud the Extrovert and Adler the Introvert 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Functions of the Psyche 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Extrovert Types 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Introvert Types 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Process of Individuation 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of the Self: A Teleological View of Life 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Carl Jung 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Anna Freud \/ \u003ci\u003eWidening the Scope of Psychoanalysis: Ego Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout Ego Psychology 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegitimizing Ego Psychology 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources: From Being Unwanted to Becoming Indispensable 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidening the Scope of Analysis: Little Patients’ Problems 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaking the Child Analyzable: The Preparatory Phase 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Child Analysis: Proper Techniques 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theoretical Yield: New Meanings for Familiar Analytic Concepts 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ego Defends Itself: Profiles of Mastery and Vulnerability 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Final Word on Anna Freud 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Legacy of Anna Freud 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the Psychoanalytic Ego Psychologists 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Melanie Klein \u0026amp; Donald W. Winnicott \/ \u003ci\u003eThe Psychoanalytic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e \u003cb\u003eHeritage:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eObject Relations Theories 208\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Object Relations Theories 208\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMELANIE KLEIN\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are Psychoanalytic Object Relations Theories? 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychoanalysis as Pedagogy: Educating Erich 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKlein’s Discovery of “Phantasy” 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of the Object World 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfantile Sadism and the Oedipus Complex 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow It All Turns Out: Klein’s First Theory of the Superego 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxiety: First Modifications of Klein’s Developmental Theory 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHate Versus Guilt: Repairing the Ravages of Sadism 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParanoic and Depressive Positions: Klein’s First Theory 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManic and Depressive Positions in Adult Psychopathology 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLove, Guilt, and Reparation 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProjection + Identification = Splitting Revisited 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReparation: The Link between Positions 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvy and Gratitude: The Forever Generous, Tolerant, and Bountiful Breast 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefending Against Envy: The Most Deadly of Sins 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Personal Sources of Klein’s Vision of the Infant’s World 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Final Word on Melanie Klein 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD. W. WINNICOTT\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Commonsensical and Creative Child Analyst 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnconventional Psychoanalysis: The Pediatric Consultation Model 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Theory: The Kleinian Influence 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimitive Personality Development: Winnicott Style 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Emphasis: “There’s No Such Thing as a Baby” 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploring Deeper Questions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources from Winnicott’s Childhood 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Final Word on D. W. Winnicott 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Object Relations Theory 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Erik Homburger Erikson \/ \u003ci\u003ePsychoanalytic Ego Psychology: The Centrality of Identity \u003c\/i\u003e267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Erikson’s Ego Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentity’s Architect  268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife History Sources of the Identity Hypothesis 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Sources of the Identity Hypothesis: War Veterans 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropological Sources of the Identity Hypothesis: The Oglala Sioux 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ego Identity Hypothesis and Psychoanalytic Theory 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychosocial Development: An Epigenetic Sequence 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViewing Erikson’s Epigenetic Theory of Identity Formation 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Life Cycle: Eight Stages of Human Development 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Trust versus Mistrust: Hope 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt: Will 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Initiative versus Guilt: Purpose 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Industry versus Inferiority: Competence 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Identity versus Role Confusion: Fidelity 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Intimacy versus Isolation: Love 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring a Sense of Generativity versus Stagnation: Care 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquiring Ego Integrity versus Despair: Wisdom 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplying Erikson’s Stage Theory 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Concluding Remarks on Erikson 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Erik Erikson 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Harry Stack Sullivan \/ \u003ci\u003eInterpersonal Theory\u003c\/i\u003e 298\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Modes of Experience: Prototaxic, Parataxic, Syntaxic 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Development of Personality: An Interpersonal Emphasis 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferentiation of Self from the Universe 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of Sullivan’s Emphasis on Human Relationships 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonifications of Self: Good-Me, Bad-Me, Not-Me 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Self-System: Security Operations 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelective Inattention 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMe-You Personifications 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental Epochs: From Infancy to Late Adolescence 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Harry Stack Sullivan 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Karen Horney \/ \u003ci\u003ePsychoanalytic Social Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 322\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Horney’s Social Psychoanalytic Approach 322\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious in a Hostile World 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurotic1 Needs and Trends 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of the Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility Hypotheses 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Illustrative Case: Clare, An Unwanted Child 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespised Real Self, Ideal Self, and the Actual Self 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Core Neurotic Conflict: Alienation from Real Self 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal Coping Strategies: Moves Toward, Against, and Away from Others 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuxiliary Conflict Solutions 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorney’s Feminist, Culturally Based Modifications of Freudian Theory 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Final Word on Karen Horney 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Gordon W. Allport \/ \u003ci\u003eHumanistic Trait and Self Theory\u003c\/i\u003e 346\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Allport’s Humanistic Trait and Self Theory \u003c\/i\u003e346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas Young Allport Misunderstood by Freud Himself? 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“How Shall a Psychological Life History Be Written?” 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToward a Personalistic Psychology 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of Allport’s Emphasis on Uniqueness and Independence 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonality: Allport’s Definition 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Documents: An Idiographic Approach to Life History 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Illustrative Case: Analysis of Jenny Gove Masterson’s Letters 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriticisms and Allport’s Responses 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“Traits Revisited”: Heuristic Realism 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mature, Healthy Personality 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional Autonomy: Allport’s Theory of Motivation 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Gordon Allport 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Rollo May \/ \u003ci\u003eExistential Phenomenology\u003c\/i\u003e 373\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout Rollo May’s Existential Phenomenology 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Lonely Young Man, Looking for Answers to Deep Questions 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExistential Phenomenological Psychology and Psychotherapy 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributions of European Philosophy 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOntological Principles: “Mrs. Hutchens” 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problem of Nothingness 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of May’s Existentialism 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLove and Will 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour Forms of Loving 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood and Evil 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWill 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreedom 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDestiny 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Rollo May 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. Abraham Maslow \u0026amp; Carl Rogers \/ \u003ci\u003eHumanistic Self-Actualization Theory\u003c\/i\u003e 402\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout Maslow and Rogers’ Humanistic Psychologies 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eABRAHAM MASLOW\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat About the Healthy Personality and the Striving for Full Self-Realization? 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Origin of Maslow’s Interest in Psychological Health 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of the Hypothesis: “In Pursuit of Angels” 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of Self-Actualizing Persons 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning from Critical Mentor Figures 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hierarchy of Needs: From Deficiency to Growth Motivation and Self-Actualization 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond Self-Actualization: The B-Values 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanistic Psychology: The Third Force 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToward a Transpersonal Viewpoint 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARL ROGERS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Harbinger of Things to Come 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRogers’ Theory of Personality and Behavior 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychotherapist as Self-Actualization Facilitator 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of the Nondirective Viewpoint 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Sources of Rogers’ Emphasis on Freedom and Self-Worth 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Nondirective View: Too Much Freedom 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClient-Centered Therapy: Empathic Understanding 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiential Therapy: The Conditions of Personality Change 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonality Changes Evoked by the Therapeutic Relationship 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fully Functioning Person: Ideal Mental Health 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRogers’ Model of Development 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Importance of Approval 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncongruence between Self and Experience 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonality Disorganization 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Criticisms of Rogers’ Approach 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperationalizing the Concept of Self: Q-Sort Methodology 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. George A. Kelly \/ \u003ci\u003ePersonal Construct Theory\u003c\/i\u003e 449\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout George A. Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory 449\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncovering a Person’s Constructs of Personality 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrid Form of the Rep Test: A Person’s Own Personality Theory 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKelly: The Inventive Psychological Tinkerer 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach Person is a Scientist 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKelly’s Fundamental Postulate and 11 Corollaries 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstruction and Individuality Corollaries: The Person as a Process 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchy of Experience: Organization and Dichotomy Corollaries 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoice, Range, and Experience Corollaries: Limitations of Anticipation 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulation and Fragmentation Corollaries: Variation versus Stability 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommonality and Sociality Corollaries: Shared Experience 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mask Metaphor Again 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CPC Cycle: Circumspection, Preemption, and Control\/Choice 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Traditional Personality Variables as Kelly Recast Them 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. Albert Bandura \/ \u003ci\u003eSocial Cognitive Theory\u003c\/i\u003e 472\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout Social Cognitive Theory 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisconstrued as a Behaviorist 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat About Bandura’s Own Life? 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental Phases of Self-Efficacy 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelective Activation of Self-Controls 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandura’s Model of Anxiety and Repression 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes Chance Play a Role in Life? 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandura’s Theories and Today’s World 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the Approach of Bandura 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Hans Eysenck \/ \u003ci\u003eBiologically Based Typology\u003c\/i\u003e 496\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbout Eysenck’s Biologically Based Typology 496\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Psychologist as Scientist and a Bit of a Maverick 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildhood Sources of Eysenck’s Intellectual Independence 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Descriptive Researches: Introversion-Extroversion and Neuroticism 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Antecedents of Introversion-Extroversion Dimensions 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePavlov’s Dogs: Excitation-Inhibition Temperaments 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHull’s Drive Theory: Individual Differences in Performance 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual Differences and Eysenck’s Typology 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArousability and the Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS) 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranslation of Excitation-Inhibition into Arousal Concepts 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Direct Test of the Arousal Theory: Stimulant and Depressant Drugs 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquisition of Neurosis: The Socialization of Introverts and Extroverts 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychoticism: Psychiatric Diagnosis Revisited 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychoticism, Crime, and Genetics 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe “Big Five”: A Model Based on Factor Analysis 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Eysenck’s Typology 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Edward O. Wilson \/ \u003ci\u003eEvolutionary Psychology\u003c\/i\u003e 534\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout Evolutionary Psychology 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Roots of a Naturalist 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncountering Lorenz and His Ideas 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarwin’s (and Wallace’s) Theory of Natural Selection 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilson Encounters Hamilton’s Ideas 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Insect Societies to Sociobiology to Human Nature 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Concepts in Classical Personality Theories 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Developments in Evolutionary Psychological Thinking 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Nature Does Exist 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Psychology from a Broader, More Objective Perspective 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Misconceptions About Evolutionary Psychology 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Might an Evolutionary Psychologist Proceed? 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Actual Example—Not of Postdiction, but of Prediction—Sort of 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary Psychology and Psychopathology 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Final Word on Evolutionary Psychology 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhoto Credits 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eName Index 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject Index 591\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRobert Sollod\u003c\/strong\u003e is currently Professor of Psychology at Cleveland State University. His research interests include personality theories and their origins, psychotherapy integration, and the relation of spirituality to psychotherapy. He is a member of the American Psychotherapy Association and the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988802617573,"sku":"NP9780471724124","price":203.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780471724124.jpg?v=1761781648","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/beneath-the-mask-isbn-9780471724124","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}