{"product_id":"aqueous-pretreatment-of-plant-biomass-for-biological-and-chemical-conversion-to-fuels-and-chemicals-isbn-9780470972021","title":"Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals","description":"\u003cp\u003ePlant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields. Advances in pretreatment technology are critical in order to develop high-yielding, cost-competitive routes to renewable fuels and chemicals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals\u003c\/i\u003e presents a comprehensive overview of the currently available aqueous pretreatment technologies for cellulosic biomass, highlighting the fundamental chemistry and biology of each method, key attributes and limitations, and opportunities for future advances.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e• The importance of biomass conversion to fuels\u003cbr\u003e • The role of pretreatment in biological and chemical conversion of biomass\u003cbr\u003e • Composition and structure of biomass, and recalcitrance to conversion\u003cbr\u003e • Fundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low, neutral and high pH\u003cbr\u003e • Ionic liquid and organosolv pretreatments to fractionate biomass\u003cbr\u003e • Comparative data for application of leading pretreatments and effect of enzyme formulations\u003cbr\u003e • Physical and chemical features of pretreated biomass\u003cbr\u003e • Economics of pretreatment for biological processing\u003cbr\u003e • Methods of analysis and enzymatic conversion of biomass streams\u003cbr\u003e • Experimental  pretreatment systems from multiwell plates to pilot plant operations \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive reference book provides an authoritative source of information on the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to aid those experienced in the field to access the most current information on the topic.  It will also be invaluable to those entering the growing field of biomass conversion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles E. Wyman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: What and Why? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Aqueous Processing of Cellulosic Biomass into Organic Fuels and Chemicals 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Attributes for Successful Pretreatment 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Pretreatment Options 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Possible Blind Spots in the Historic Pretreatment Paradigm 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Other Distinguishing Features of Pretreatment Technologies 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Book Approach 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Overview of Book Chapters 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Cellulosic Biofuels: Importance, Recalcitrance, and Pretreatment 17\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLee Lynd and Mark Laser\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Our Place in History 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Need for Energy from Biomass 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 The Importance of Cellulosic Biomass 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Potential Barriers 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Biological and Thermochemical Approaches to the Recalcitrance Barrier 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Pretreatment 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Plant Cell Walls: Basics of Structure, Chemistry, Accessibility and the Influence on Conversion 23\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian H. Davison, Jerry Parks, Mark F. Davis and Bryon S. Donohoe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Biomass Diversity Leads to Variability in Cell-wall Structure and Composition 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Processing Options for Accessing the Energy in the Lignocellulosic Matrix 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Plant Tissue and Cell Types Respond Differently to Biomass Conversion 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 The Basics of Plant Cell-wall Structure 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Cell-wall Surfaces and Multilamellar Architecture 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Cell-wall Ultrastructure and Nanoporosity 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Computer Simulation in Understanding Biomass Recalcitrance 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 What Can We Learn from Molecular Simulation? 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Simulations of Lignin 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.3 Simulations of Cellulose 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.4 Simulation of Lignocellulosic Biomass 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.5 Outlook for Biomass Simulations 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Summary 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Biological Conversion of Plants to Fuels and Chemicals and the Effects of Inhibitors 39\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEduardo Ximenes, Youngmi Kim and Michael R. Ladisch\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Overview of Biological Conversion 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Enzyme and Ethanol Fermentation Inhibitors Released during Pretreatment and\/or Enzyme Hydrolysis 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Enzyme Inhibitors Derived from Plant Cell-wall Constituents (Lignin, Soluble Phenolics, and Hemicellulose) 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Effect of Furfurals and Acetic Acid as Inhibitors of Ethanol Fermentations 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Hydrolysis of Pentose Sugar Oligomers Using Solid-acid Catalysts 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Application of Solid-acid Catalysts for Hydrolysis of Sugar Oligomers Derived from Lignocelluloses 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Factors Affecting Efficiency of Solid-acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusions 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Catalytic Strategies for Converting Lignocellulosic Carbohydrates to Fuels and Chemicals 61\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJesse Q. Bond, David Martin Alonso and James A. Dumesic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Biomass Conversion Strategies 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Criteria for Fuels and Chemicals 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 General Considerations in the Production of Fuels and Fuel Additives 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Consideration for Specialty Chemicals 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Primary Feedstocks and Platforms 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Cellulose 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Hemicellulose 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Sugar Conversion and Key Intermediates 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Sugar Oxidation 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Sugar Reduction (Polyol Production) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Sugar Dehydration (Furan Production) 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusions 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment at Low pH 103\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHeather L. Trajano and Charles E. Wyman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Effects of Low pH on Biomass Solids 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Cellulose 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Hemicellulose 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Lignin 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Ash 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Ultrastructure 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Summary of Effects of Low pH on Biomass Solids 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Pretreatment in Support of Biological Conversion 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Fermentable Glucose 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Pretreatment for Improved Enzymatic Digestibility 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Pretreatment for Improved Enzymatic Digestibility and Hemicellulose Sugar Recovery 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Low-pH Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Furfural 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Levulinic Acid 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Drop-in Hydrocarbons 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Models of Low-pH Biomass Reactions 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Cellulose Hydrolysis 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Hemicellulose Hydrolysis 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Summary of Kinetic Models 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusions 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Fundamentals of Aqueous Pretreatment of Biomass 129\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNathan S. Mosier\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Self-ionization of Water Catalyzes Plant Cell-wall Depolymerization 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Products from the Hydrolysis of the Plant Cell Wall Contribute to Further Depolymerization 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Mechanisms of Aqueous Pretreatment 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Hemicellulose 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Lignin 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Cellulose 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Impact of Aqueous Pretreatment on Cellulose Digestibility 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Practical Applications of Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusions 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment at High pH 145\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRocıo Sierra Ramirez, Mark Holtzapple and Natalia Piamonte\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Chemical Effects of Alkaline Pretreatments on Biomass Composition 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Non-oxidative Delignification 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Non-oxidative Sugar Degradation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Oxidative Delignification 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Oxidative Sugar Degradation 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Ammonia Pretreatments 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatments 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Alkaline Wet Oxidation 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Lime Pretreatment 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Pretreatment Severity 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Pretreatment Selectivity 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Concluding Remarks 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Primer on Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreatment 169\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS.P.S. Chundawat, B. Bals, T. Campbell, L. Sousa, D. Gao, M. Jin, P. Eranki, R. Garlock, F. Teymouri, V. Balan and B.E. Dale\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Historical Perspective of Ammonia-based Pretreatments 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Overview of AFEX and its Physicochemical Impacts 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Enzymatic and Microbial Activity on AFEX-treated Biomass 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Impact of AFEX Pretreatment on Cellulase Binding to Biomass 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Enzymatic Digestibility of AFEX-treated Biomass 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Microbial Fermentability of AFEX-treated Biomass 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Transgenic Plants and AFEX Pretreatment 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Recent Research Developments on AFEX Strategies and Reactor Configurations 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Non-extractive AFEX Systems 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Extractive AFEX Systems 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Fluidized Gaseous AFEX Systems 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Perspectives on AFEX Commercialization 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 AFEX Pretreatment Commercialization in Cellulosic Biorefineries 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Novel Value-added Products from AFEX-related Processes 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 AFEX-centric Regional Biomass Processing Depot 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Environmental and Life-cycle Analyses for AFEX-centric Processes 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment by Fractionation 201\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePoulomi Sannigrahi and Arthur J. Ragauskas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Organosolv Pretreatment 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Organosolv Pulping 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Overview of Organosolv Pretreatment 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Solvents and Catalysts for Organosolv Pretreatment 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Fractionation of Biomass during Organosolv Pretreatment 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Nature of Organosolv Lignin and Chemistry of Organosolv Delignification 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Composition and Structure of Organosolv Lignin 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Mechanisms of Organosolv Delignification 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Commercial Applications of Organosolv Lignin 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Structural and Compositional Characteristics of Cellulose 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Co-products of Biomass Fractionation by Organosolv Pretreatment 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Hemicellulose 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Furfural 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Levulinic Acid 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Acetic Acid 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Mechanism, Performance, and Challenges 223\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSeema Singh and Blake A. Simmons\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Mechanism 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 IL Polarity and Kamlet–Taft Parameters 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Interactions between ILs and Cellulose 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Interactions between ILs and Lignin 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Ionic Liquid Biomass Pretreatment: Enzymatic Route 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Grasses 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Agricultural Residues 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Woody Biomass 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Catalytic Route 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Metal-catalyzed Hydrolysis 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Factors Impacting Scalability and Cost of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Concluding Remarks 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Comparative Performance of Leading Pretreatment Technologies for Biological Conversion of Corn Stover, Poplar Wood, and Switchgrass to Sugars 239\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles E. Wyman, Bruce E. Dale, Venkatesh Balan, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple, Rocıo Sierra Ramirez, Michael R. Ladisch, Nathan Mosier, Y.Y. Lee, Rajesh Gupta, Steven R. Thomas, Bonnie R. Hames, Ryan Warner and Rajeev Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Materials and Methods 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Feedstocks 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Enzymes 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 CAFI Pretreatments 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Material Balances 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Free Sugars and Extraction 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Yields of Xylose and Glucose from Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Yields from Corn Stover 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Yields from Standard Poplar 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Yields from Dacotah Switchgrass 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Impact of Changes in Biomass Sources 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Compositions of Solids Following CAFI Pretreatments 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Composition of Pretreated Corn Stover Solids 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Composition of Pretreated Switchgrass Solids 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Composition of Pretreated Poplar Solids 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Overall Trends in Composition of Pretreated Biomass Solids and Impact on Enzymatic Hydrolysis 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Pretreatment Conditions to Maximize Total Glucose Plus Xylose Yields 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Implications of the CAFI Results 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Closing Thoughts 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Effects of Enzyme Formulation and Loadings on Conversion of Biomass Pretreated by Leading Technologies 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajesh Gupta and Y.Y. Lee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Synergism among Cellulolytic Enzymes 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Hemicellulose Structure and Hemicellulolytic Enzymes 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Substrate Characteristics and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Xylanase Supplementation for Different Pretreated Biomass and Effect of b-Xylosidase 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Effect of b-Glucosidase Supplementation 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Effect of Pectinase Addition 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Effect of Feruloyl Esterase and Acetyl Xylan Esterase Addition 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Effect of a-L-arabinofuranosidase and Mannanase Addition 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Use of Lignin-degrading Enzymes (LDE) 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Effect of Inactive Components on Biomass Hydrolysis 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Adsorption and Accessibility of Enzyme with Different Cellulosic Substrates 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Tuning Enzyme Formulations to the Feedstock 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 Summary 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Physical and Chemical Features of Pretreated Biomass that Influence Macro-\/Micro-accessibility and Biological Processing 281\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajeev Kumar and Charles E. Wyman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Definitions of Macro-\/Micro-accessibility and Effectiveness 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Features Influencing Macro-accessibility and their Impacts on Enzyme Effectiveness 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Lignin 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Hemicellulose 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Features Influencing Micro-accessibility and their Impact on Enzymes Effectiveness 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Cellulose Crystallinity (Structure) 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Cellulose Chain Length\/Reducing Ends 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Concluding Remarks 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Economics of Pretreatment for Biological Processing 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLing Tao, Andy Aden and Richard T. Elander\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Importance of Pretreatment 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 History of Pretreatment Economic Analysis 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Methodologies for Economic Assessment 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Overview of Pretreatment Technologies 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Acidic Pretreatments 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Alkaline Pretreatments 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Solvent-based Pretreatments 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Comparative Pretreatment Economics 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Modeling Basis and Assumptions for Comparative CAFI Analysis 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 CAFI Project Comparative Data 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Reactor Design and Costing Data 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 Comparison of Sugar and Ethanol Yields 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5 Comparison of Pretreatment Capital Costs 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.6 Comparison of MESP 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Impact of Key Variables on Pretreatment Economics 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Yield 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Conversion to Oligomers\/Monomers (Shift of Burden between Enzymes and Pretreatment) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Biomass Loading\/Concentration 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.4 Chemical Loading\/Recovery\/Metallurgy 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.5 Reaction Conditions: Pressure, Temperature, Residence Time 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.6 Reactor Orientation: Horizontal\/Vertical 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.7 Batch versus Continuous Processing 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Future Needs for Evaluation of Pretreatment Economics 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Conclusions 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Progress in the Summative Analysis of Biomass Feedstocks for Biofuels Production 335\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eF.A. Agblevor and J. Pereira\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Preparation of Biomass Feedstocks for Analysis 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Determination of Non-structural Components of Biomass Feedstocks 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Moisture Content of Biomass Feedstocks 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Determination of Ash in Biomass 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Protein Content of Biomass 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Extractives Content of Biomass 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Quantitative Determination of Lignin Content of Biomass 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Quantitative Analysis of Sugars in Lignocellulosic Biomass 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Holocellulose Content of Plant Cell Walls 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Monoethanolamine Method for Cellulose Determination 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Chemical Hydrolysis of Biomass Polysaccharides 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Mineral Acid Hydrolysis 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Methanolysis 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Analysis of Monosaccharides 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.1 Colorimetric Analysis of Biomass Monosaccharides 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.2 Gas Chromatographic Sugar Analysis 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS) 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Sugar Analysis 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 NMR Analysis of Biomass Sugars 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Conclusions 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 High-throughput NIR Analysis of Biomass Pretreatment Streams 355\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBonnie R. Hames\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Rapid Analysis Essentials 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Rapid Spectroscopic Techniques 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Calibration and Validation Samples 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Quality Calibration Data for Each Calibration Sample 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Multivariate Analysis to Resolve Complex Sample Spectra 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.5 Validation of New Methods 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.6 Standard Reference Materials and Protocols for Ongoing QA\/QC 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Summary 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Plant Biomass Characterization: Application of Solution- and Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy 369\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYunqiao Pu, Bassem Hallac and Arthur J. Ragauskas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Plant Biomass Constituents 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Solution-state NMR Characterization of Lignin 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Lignin Sample Preparation 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 1 H NMR Spectroscopy 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 13 c NMR Spectroscopy 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 HSQC Correlation Spectroscopy 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 31 P NMR Spectroscopy 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Solid-state NMR Characterization of Plant Cellulose 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.1 CP\/MAS 13 C NMR Analysis of Cellulose 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.2 Cellulose Crystallinity 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4.3 Cellulose Ultrastructure 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Future Perspectives 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Xylooligosaccharides Production, Quantification, and Characterization in Context of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment 391\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQing Qing, Hongjia Li, Rajeev Kumar and Charles E. Wyman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1 Definition of Oligosaccharides 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.2 Types of Oligosaccharides Released during Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.3 The Importance of Measuring Xylooligosaccharides 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Xylooligosaccharides Production 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Thermochemical Production of XOs 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Production of XOs by Enzymatic Hydrolysis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Xylooligosaccharides Separation and Purification 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Solvent Extraction 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Adsorption by Surface Active Materials 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Chromatographic Separation Techniques 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Membrane Separation 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Centrifugal Partition Chromatography 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Characterization and Quantification of Xylooligosaccharides 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Measuring Xylooligosaccharides by Quantification of Reducing Ends 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Characterizing Xylooligosaccharides Composition 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 Direct Characterization of Different DP Xylooligosaccharides 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.4 Determining Detailed Structures of Oligosaccharides by MS and NMR 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Concluding Remarks 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Experimental Pretreatment Systems from Laboratory to Pilot Scale 417\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard T. Elander\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Laboratory-scale Pretreatment Equipment 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Heating and Cooling Capability 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Contacting of Biomass Particles with Water and\/or Pretreatment Chemicals 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Mass and Heat Transfer 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4 Proper Materials of Construction 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.5 Instrumentation and Control Systems 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.6 Translating to Pilot-scale Pretreatment Systems 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Pilot-scale Batch Pretreatment Equipment 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Pilot-scale Continuous Pretreatment Equipment 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Feedstock Handling and Size Reduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Pretreatment Chemical and Water Addition 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.3 Pressurized Continuous Pretreatment Feeder Equipment 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.4 Pretreatment Reactor Throughput and Residence Time Control 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.5 Reactor Discharge Devices 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.6 Blow-down Vessel and Flash Vapor Recovery 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Continuous Pilot-scale Pretreatment Reactor Systems 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.1 Historical Development of Pilot-scale Reactor Systems 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.2 NREL Gravity-flow Reactor Systems 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Summary 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Experimental Enzymatic Hydrolysis Systems 451\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTodd Lloyd and Chaogang Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Cellulases 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Endoglucanase 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Cellobiohydrolase 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 b-glucosidase 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Hemicellulases 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1 Empirical Models 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2 Michaelis–Menten-based Models 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.3 Adsorption in Cellulose Hydrolysis Models 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.4 Rate Limitations and Decreasing Rates with Increasing Conversion 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.5 Summary of Enzyme Reaction Kinetics 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Experimental Hydrolysis Systems 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1 Laboratory Protocols 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.2 Considerations for Scale-up of Hydrolysis Processes 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Conclusion 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 High-throughput Pretreatment and Hydrolysis Systems for Screening Biomass Species in Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass 471\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJaclyn DeMartini and Charles E. Wyman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction: The Need for High-throughput Technologies 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Previous High-throughput Systems and Application to Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Current HTPH Systems 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Key Steps in HTPH Systems 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Material Preparation 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Material Distribution 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.4 Sample Analysis 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 HTPH Philosophy, Difficulties, and Limitations 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Examples of Research Enabled by HTPH Systems 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Future Applications 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Laboratory Pretreatment Systems to Understand Biomass Deconstruction 489\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBin Yang and Melvin Tucker\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Laboratory-scale Batch Reactors 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Sealed Glass Reactors 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Tubular Reactors 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.3 Mixed Reactors 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.4 Zipperclave 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.5 Microwave Reactors 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.6 Steam Reactors 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Laboratory-scale Continuous Pretreatment Reactors 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Deconstruction of Biomass with Bench-Scale Pretreatment Systems 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.1 Mass Transfer 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.2 Direct and Indirect Heating 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Biomass Handling and Comminuting 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Construction Materials 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.1 Overall Considerations 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.2 Materials of Construction 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Criteria of Reactor Selection and Applications 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.1 Effect of High\/Low Solids Concentration on Reactor Choices 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.2 Role of Heat-up and Cool-down Rates in Laboratory Reactor Selection 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.3 Effect of Mixing and Catalyst Impregnation on Reactor Design 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.4 High Temperatures and Short Residence Times Result in High Yields 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.5 Pretreatment Severity: Tradeoffs of Time and Temperature 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8.6 Minimizing Construction and Operating Costs 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 Summary 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfessor Charles Wyman\u003c\/b\u003e has devoted most of his career to leading advancement of technology for biological conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol and other products that will reduce our excessive dependence on petroleum. A substantial portion of this research is directed at advancing technologies for the most expensive and critical unit operations: pretreatment and cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis. Professor Wyman is Chair in Environmental Engineering at the Center for Environmental Research and Technology and Professor in Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of California at Riverside.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003ePlant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields. Advances in pretreatment technology are critical in order to develop high-yielding, cost-competitive routes to renewable fuels and chemicals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals\u003c\/i\u003e presents a comprehensive overview of the currently available aqueous pretreatment technologies for cellulosic biomass, highlighting the fundamental chemistry and biology of each method, key attributes and limitations, and opportunities for future advances.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe importance of biomass conversion to fuels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe role of pretreatment in biological and chemical conversion of biomass\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComposition and structure of biomass, and recalcitrance to conversion\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low, neutral and high pH\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIonic liquid and organosolv pretreatments to fractionate biomass\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComparative data for application of leading pretreatments and effect of enzyme formulations\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePhysical and chemical features of pretreated biomass\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEconomics of pretreatment for biological processing\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMethods of analysis and enzymatic conversion of biomass streams\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExperimental  pretreatment systems from multiwell plates to pilot plant operations \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive reference book provides an authoritative source of information on the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to aid those experienced in the field to access the most current information on the topic.  It will also be invaluable to those entering the growing field of biomass conversion.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988756807909,"sku":"NP9780470972021","price":158.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470972021.jpg?v=1761781471","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/aqueous-pretreatment-of-plant-biomass-for-biological-and-chemical-conversion-to-fuels-and-chemicals-isbn-9780470972021","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}