{"product_id":"an-integrated-framework-for-structural-geology-isbn-9781405106849","title":"An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology","description":"\u003cb\u003eAN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA modern and practice-oriented approach to structural geology \u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAn Integrated Framework for Structural Geology: Kinematics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Deformed Rocks\u003c\/i\u003e builds a framework for structural geology from geometrical description, kinematic analysis, dynamic evolution, and rheological investigation of deformed rocks. The unique approach taken by the book is to integrate these principles of continuum mechanics with the description of rock microstructures and inferences about deformation mechanisms. Field, theoretical and laboratory approaches to structural geology are all considered, including the application of rock mechanics experiments to nature.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThree case studies that illustrate how the framework can be applied to deformation at different levels in the crust and in an applied structural geology context\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHundreds of detailed, two-color illustrations of exceptional clarity, as well as many microstructural and field photographs\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe quantitative basis of structural geology delivered through clear mathematics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in geology, \u003ci\u003eAn Integrated Framework for Structural Geology\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing geologists with an interest in a one-stop resource on structural geology. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsite xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A Framework for Structural Geology 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Deformation 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Empirical vs. Theoretical Approaches 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics and its Applicability to Structural Geology 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 How to use this Book 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Structures Produced by Deformation 10\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Geological Structures 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Structural Fabrics 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Folds and Boudinage 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Fractures and Stylolites 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Faults and Fault Zones 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 Shear Zones 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Additional Considerations 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microstructures 26\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Overview 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Framework 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Imaging of Microstructures 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Fractures 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Fault Rocks 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Overgrowths, Pressure Shadows and Fringes, and Veins 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Indenting, Truncating and Interpenetrating Grain Contacts, Strain Caps, and Stylolites 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Aligned Grain Boundaries, T Grain Boundaries, and Foam Texture 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Undulose Extinction, Subgrains, Deformation and Kink Bands, Deformation Lamellae, Grain Boundary Bulges, and Core-and-Mantle Microstructure 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Deformation Twins 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Grain Shape Fabrics, Ribbon Grains, and Gneissic Banding 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Porphyroblasts 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Crystallographic Fabrics (Crystallographic Preferred Orientations) 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Shear Sense Indicators, Mylonites, and Porphyroclasts 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.1 Asymmetric Pressure Shadows and Fringes 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.2 Foliation Obliquity and Curvature 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.3 SC, SC′, and SCC′ Fabrics 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.4 Porphyroclast Systems 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.5 Precautions with Shear Sense Determination 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Collecting Oriented Samples and Relating Sample to Geographic Frames of Reference 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Displacements 66\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Overview 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Chapter Organization 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A Displacements: Conceptual Foundation 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.1 Specifying Displacements or Individual Particles 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.1.1 Basic Ideas 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.1.2 Geological Example 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.2.1 Particle Paths 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.2.2 Velocities 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3.1 Displacement Fields 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3.2 Uniform vs. Nonuniform and Distributed vs. Discrete Displacement Fields 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3.3 Classes of Displacement Fields 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.4 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.5 Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.5.1 Simple Shear 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.5.2 Pure Shear 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.7 Summary 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B Displacements: Comprehensive Treatment 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1 Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.1 Defining Vector Quantities 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.2 Types of Vectors 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.3 Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.4 Characterizing Vector Quantities 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.2.1 Incremental Displacements for Particles 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.2.2 Particle Paths and Movement Histories 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.2.3 Dated Particle Paths, Instantaneous Movement Directions, and Velocities 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3.1 Concept of a Displacement Field 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3.2 Field Quantities 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.3.3 Gradients of the Displacement Field: Discrete and Distributed Deformation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3.4 Idealized Versus True Gradients of the Displacement Field 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4 The Displacement Gradient Tensor – Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.4.1 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.2 Translation Displacement Fields 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.3 Rigid Rotation Displacement Fields 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.4 Pure Strain Displacement Fields 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.5 Total Displacement Fields 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.4.6 Using Displacement Gradient Matrices to Represent Displacement Fields 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5 Idealized, Two- dimensional Displacement Fields 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.1 Simple Shear Displacement Fields 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.2 Uniaxial Convergence or Uniaxial Divergence Displacement Fields 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.3 Pure Shear Displacement Fields 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.4 General Shear Displacement Fields 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.1 Three-Dimensional Simple Shear Displacement Fields 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.6.2 Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Convergence and Divergence Displacement Fields 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.3 Pure Shearing Displacement Fields 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.4 Constrictional Displacement Fields 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.5 Flattening Displacement Fields 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.6 Three-Dimensional General Shearing Displacement Fields 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.7 Summary 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4-I: Vectors 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.1 Simple Mathematical Operations with Vectors 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.2 Vector Magnitudes 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.3 Properties of Vector Quantities 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.4 Relating Magnitude and Orientation to Cartesian Coordinates 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.5 Vector Products 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4-II: Matrix Operations 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.1 Defining Matrices 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.2 Matrix Addition and Subtraction 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3 Matrix Multiplication 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.1 Multiplying Two “2 × 2” Matrices 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.2 Multiplying Two “3 × 3” Matrices 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.3 Multiplying a 2 × 2 Matrix Times a 2 × 1 Matrix 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.4 Multiplying a 3 × 3 Matrix Times a 3 × 1 Matrix 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.5 Scalar Multiplication 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.4 Transpose of a Matrix 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.5 Determinant of a Square Matrix 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.6 Inverse of a Square Matrix 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.7 Rotation Matrices 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Strain 138\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Overview 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Chapter Organization 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A Strain: Conceptual Foundation 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.1 Specifying Strain in Deformed Rocks 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.2 One-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.2.1 Basic Ideas 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.2.2 Geological Example 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.3 Two-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.3.1 Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.3.2 Shear Strain 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Strain 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.6.1 Finite Strain Ellipse 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.6.2 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7.1 States of Strain 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7.2 Strain Paths and Dated Strain Paths 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7.3 Coaxial Versus Non-Coaxial Strain Paths 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.8 Instantaneous Strains and Strain Rates 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.9 Infinitesimal Strains 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.10 Summary 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Strain 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11.1 Using Fabrics to Estimate Strain Ellipsoid Shape 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11.2 Types of Methods for Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11.3 Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions Using Deformed Markers 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B Strain: Comprehensive Treatment 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.1 Longitudinal Strains and Displacement Gradients 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.2 Longitudinal Strains and Position Gradients 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.3 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.4 Longitudinal Strain in Continuous Deformation 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.5 Consequences of Longitudinal Strains 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.6 Displacement Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.7 Position Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.8 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients in Two Dimensions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.9 Area Ratios in Two-Dimensional Deformation 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.10 Discontinuous Deformation in Two Dimensions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.11 Displacement Gradients and Shear Strains 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.12 Shear Strains and Position Gradients 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.13 Applying Matrix Algebra to Two-dimensional Deformation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.14 Applying Matrix Algebra to Three-dimensional Deformation 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformation 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.5.1 Homogeneous Deformation 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.5.2 Inhomogeneous Deformation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6.1 Homogeneous Deformations and the Finite Strain Ellipse 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6.2 Working with Strain Markers 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6.3 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7.1 States of Strain 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7.2 Strain Paths 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7.3 Velocity Gradient Tensor and Decomposition 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.8 Vorticity 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.8.1 Vorticity Vector 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.8.2 Kinematic Vorticity Number 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.9 Summary 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5-I 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Stress 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Overview 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A Stress: Conceptual Foundation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1 Forces, Tractions, and Stress 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.1 Accelerations and the Forces that Act on Objects 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.2 Forces Transmitted Through Objects 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.3 Traction – A Measure of “Force Intensity” within Objects 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.4 Stress 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2 Characteristics of Stress in Two Dimensions 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.1 Normal and Tangential Stress Components 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.2 Stresses on Planes with Different Orientations 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.3 Principal Stresses and Differential Stress 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.4 The Fundamental Stress Equations 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3 State of Stress in Two Dimensions 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.1 The Stress Matrix 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.2 The Stress Ellipse 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.3 The Mohr circle 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.4 Hydrostatic vs. Non-hydrostatic Stress 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.5 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Stress 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.4 Stress in Three Dimensions 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.4.1 The Stress Ellipsoid 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.4.2 Hydrostatic, Lithostatic, and Deviatoric Stresses 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.5 Pore-fluid Pressure and Effective Stress 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.6 Three-dimensional States of Stress 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.7 The State of Stress in Earth 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.8 Change of Stress: Paleostress, Path, and History 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.9 Comparison of Displacements, Strain and Stress 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.10 Summary 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Stress 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.11.1 In situ Stress Measurements 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.11.2 Paleostress 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B Stress: Comprehensive Treatment 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1 Force, Traction, and Stress Vectors 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.1 Accelerations and Forces 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.2 Traction or Stress Vectors 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6b.1.3 Relating Traction or Stress Vector Components in Different Coordinate Frames 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.4 Stress Transformation Law in Two Dimensions and the Mohr Circle 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6b.1.5 Stress Transformation Law in Three Dimensions and the Mohr Diagram 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.6 An Alternative Way to Define Traction or Stress Vectors 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.7 Determining Stress Principal Directions and Magnitudes 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.8 Stress Invariants 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.9 Spatial Variation in Stress 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-I 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Rheology 292\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Overview 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A Rheology: Conceptual Foundation 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1 Moving Beyond Equilibrium 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1.1 Conducting and Interpreting Deformation Experiments 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1.2 Recoverable Deformation versus Material Failure 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1.3 Moving from Deformation Experiments to Mathematical Relations 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2 Models of Rock Deformation 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.1 Elastic Behavior 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.2 Criteria for Fracture or Fault Formation 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.3 Yield and Creep 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.4 Viscous Behavior 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.5 Plastic Behavior 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.6 Constitutive Equations for Viscous Creep and Plastic Yield 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.3 Summary 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B Rheology: Comprehensive Treatment 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.1 Combining Deformation Models to Describe Rock Properties 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2 Rock Deformation Modes 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.1 Elasticity 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.2 Fracture or Fault Formation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.3 Differential Stress, Pore Fluid Pressure, and Failure Mode 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.4 Yield and Creep 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.5 Viscous Behavior 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.6 Plastic Behavior 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.7 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Deformation Mechanisms 367\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Overview 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A Deformation Mechanisms: Conceptual Foundation 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.1 Elastic Distortion 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.1 Fracture of Geological Materials 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.2 Frictional Sliding 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.3 Microstructures Associated with Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.4 Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding as a Deformation Mechanism 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.1 Diffusion 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.2 Grain Shape Change by Diffusion 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.3 Microstructures Associated with Diffusional Mass Transfer 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.4 Diffusional Mass Transfer as a Deformation Mechanism 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8a.3.5 Flow Laws for Three Diffusional Mass Transfer Deformation Mechanisms 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.1 Dislocations as Elements of Lattice Distortion 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.2 Dislocation Interactions 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.3 Recovery and Recrystallization 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8a.4.4 Microstructures Indicative of Dislocation- Accommodated Deformation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.5 Dislocation Glide: A Deformation Mechanism 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.6 Flow Law for Dislocation Glide 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.7 Dislocation Creep: A Deformation Mechanism 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.8 Flow Law for Dislocation Creep 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.9 Other Lattice Deformation Processes – Twinning and Kinking 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.5 Diffusion- and\/or Dislocation-Accommodated Grain Boundary Sliding 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.6 Deformation Mechanism Maps 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.7 Summary 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B Deformation Mechanisms: Comprehensive Treatment 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.1 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.1.1 Joints, Fractures, and Mesoscopic Faults 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B1.2 Fault Zones 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Structures 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.2 Understanding Diffusion Through Crystalline Materials 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.3 The Effect of Differential Stress 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.4 Flow Laws for Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.5 Paths of Rapid Diffusion – Dislocations and Grain Boundaries 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.6 The Effect of Fluid Phases Along Grain Boundaries 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.1 Origin of Dislocations 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.2 Dislocation Movement 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.3 Dislocation Interactions 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.4 Stresses Associated with Dislocations 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.5 Strains Accommodated by the Glide of Dislocations 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.6 Constitutive Equations for Dislocation Creep 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Dislocation Creep Regimes 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.8 Twinning and Kinking 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.4 Grain Boundary Sliding and Superplasticity 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-I 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-II 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Case Studies of Deformation and Rheology 496\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Overview 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Integrating Structural Geology and Geochronology: Ruby Gap Duplex, Redbank Thrust Zone, Australia 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Geological Setting and Deformation Character 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Microstructures and Deformation Mechanisms 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Rheological Analysis Using Microstructures by Comparison to Experimental Deformation 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Geochronology 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Evaluating Displacement Through Time 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Orogenic Development Through Time 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7 Summarizing Deformation in the Ruby Gap Duplex 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 The Interplay of Deformation Mechanisms and Rheologies in the Mid-Crust: Copper Creek Thrust Sheet, Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Tennessee, United States 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Introduction 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 General Characteristics of the Southern Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Summarizing Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Induced Seismicity 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Overview of Induced Seismicity 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Earthquakes in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Basel, Switzerland 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Blackpool, United Kingdom 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Oklahoma, United States 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Koyna and Warna, India 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7 A Framework for Understanding Induced Seismicity 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Using Case Studies to Assess Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Comparing Stress Magnitudes Inferred from the Case Studies to Lithospheric Strength Profiles 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Recap 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Broader Horizons 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteven Wojtal\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Geoscience at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, United States. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e Tom Blenkinsop\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor in Earth Science at Cardiff University, United Kingdom.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasil Tikoff\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of Geoscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA modern and practice-oriented approach to structural geology \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAn Integrated Framework for Structural Geology: Kinematics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Deformed Rocks\u003c\/i\u003e builds a framework for structural geology from geometrical description, kinematic analysis, dynamic evolution, and rheological investigation of deformed rocks. The unique approach taken by the book is to integrate these principles of continuum mechanics with the description of rock microstructures and inferences about deformation mechanisms. Field, theoretical and laboratory approaches to structural geology are all considered, including the application of rock mechanics experiments to nature.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find:  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThree case studies that illustrate how the framework can be applied to deformation at different levels in the crust and in an applied structural geology context\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eHundreds of detailed, two-color illustrations of exceptional clarity, as well as many microstructural and field photographs\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe quantitative basis of structural geology delivered through clear mathematics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in geology, \u003ci\u003eAn Integrated Framework for Structural Geology\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing geologists with an interest in a one-stop resource on structural geology.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988722991333,"sku":"NP9781405106849","price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781405106849.jpg?v=1761781334","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/an-integrated-framework-for-structural-geology-isbn-9781405106849","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}