{"product_id":"air-pollution-prevention-and-control-isbn-9781119943310","title":"Air Pollution Prevention and Control","description":"\u003cp\u003eOver the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. This book focuses on biotechnological alternatives, looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels. It is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Essential reading for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, and industrial and governmental researchers.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI Fundamentals and Microbiological Aspects 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristian Kennes and María C. Veiga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Particulate matter 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Sulphur oxides 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Nitrogen oxides 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Odours 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Ozone 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8 Calculating concentrations of gaseous pollutants 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Particulate matter 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Volatile organic and inorganic compounds 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Environmentally friendly bioenergy 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and María C. Veiga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Inorganic compounds 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Organic compounds 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Mass balance calculations 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuc Malhautier, Léa Cabrol, Sandrine Bayle and Jean-Louis Fanlo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Quantification of the community members 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Assessment of microbial community diversity and structure 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Determination of the microbial community composition 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Techniques linking microbial identity to ecological function 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Microarray techniques 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Synthesis 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Introduction 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Temporal and spatial dynamics of the microbial community structure under stationary conditions in bioreactors 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Impact of environmental disturbances on the microbial community structure within bioreactors 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusions 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eII Bioreactors for Air Pollution Control 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Biofilters 59\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Process fundamentals 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Empty-bed residence time (EBRT) 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Volumetric loading rate (VLR) 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Mass loading rate (MLR) 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Elimination capacity (EC) 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Removal efficiency (RE) 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.6 C\u003ci\u003eO\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e production rate (\u003ci\u003eP\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eCO2\u003c\/sub\u003e) 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Design considerations 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Reactor sizing 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Irrigation system 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Leachate collection and disposal 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Inlet concentrations and pollutant load 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Composition of waste gas and interaction patterns 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Biomass support medium 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Temperature 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 pH 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6 Oxygen availability 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.7 Nutrient availability 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.8 Moisture content and relative humidity 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.9 Polluted gas flow direction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.10 Carbon dioxide generation rates 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.11 Pressure drop 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 On-line flame ionization detector (FID) and photo-ionization detector (PID) analysers 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 On-line proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.3 Intelligent moisture control systems 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.4 Differential neural network (DNN) sensor 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.1 Back error propagation (BEP) algorithm 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.2 Important considerations during neural network modelling 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.3 Neural network model development for biofilters and specific examples 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 Conclusions 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biotrickling Filters 121\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristian Kennes and María C. Veiga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 General aspects 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Packing material 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Biomass and biofilm 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Trickling phase 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Gas EBRT 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Liquid and gas velocities 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Excess biomass accumulation 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Accumulation of solid chemicals 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusions 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Bioscrubbers 139\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Operating conditions 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Absorption column 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Biodegradation step – activated sludge reactor 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Volatile organic compound (VOC) removal 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Odor control 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Sulfur compounds degradation 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusions and trends 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Membrane Bioreactors 155\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaquel Lebrero, Raúl Muñoz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Membrane basics 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Types of membranes 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Membrane materials 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Membrane characterization parameters 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Mass transport through the membrane 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Reactor configurations 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Flat-sheet membranes 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Tubular configuration membranes 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Membrane-based bioreactors 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Microbiology 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Membrane-based bioreactors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Bioreactor operation: Influence of the operating parameters 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Comparison with other technologies 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 New Applications: CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e – NO\u003csub\u003eX\u003c\/sub\u003e Sequestration 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 NO\u003csub\u003eX\u003c\/sub\u003e Removal 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e sequestration 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Future needs 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Features of the sequestering phase – selection criteria 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Performance 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Mass transfer 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Modeling and design elements 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Limitations and research opportunities 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Rationale 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Performance 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Mass transfer 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Modeling and design elements 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Limitations and research opportunities 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eR. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Limitations of conventional gas-phase bioreactors 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Modified RBCs for waste-gas treatment 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Comparison of different bioreactors (biofilters, biotrickling filters, and modified RBCs) 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Studies on removal of benzene and xylene in modified RBCs 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Microbiological studies of biofilms 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Planted biofilter 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Rotatory-switching biofilter 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Tubular biofilter 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Fluidized-bed bioreactor 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Airlift and bubble column bioreactors 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.6 Monolith bioreactor 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.7 Foam emulsion bioreactor 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.8 Fibrous bed bioreactor 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.9 Horizontal-flow biofilm reactor 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Two-stage systems for waste gas treatment 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Adsorption pre-treatment plus bioreactor 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Bioreactor plus adsorption polishing 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 UV photocatalytic reactor plus bioreactor 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Bioreactor plus bioreactor 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusions 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIII Bioprocesses for Specific Applications 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlbert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert C. van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 VOSCs produced from biological processes 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Chemical processes and industrial applications 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Oil and gas 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Aerobic degradation 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Anaerobic degradation 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Degradation via sulfate reduction 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Anaerobic degradation of higher thiols 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5 Inhibition of microorganisms 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Biofilters 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Bioscrubbers 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 THIOPAQ process for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS removal 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Future developments 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 NOx and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO emissions at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Nitrification 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Denitrification 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Parameters that affect the formation of nitrogen oxides 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 NOx removal 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e O removal 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusions 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Biogas Upgrading 293\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Environmental aspects 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 The natural sulphur cycle and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Bioreactor configurations for hydrogen sulphide removal at laboratory scale 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Case studies of biogas desulphurization in full-scale systems 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Conclusions 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIV Environmentally-friendly Bioenergy 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Biogas 321\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarta Ben, Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 A brief history 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Overview of the anaerobic digestion process 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Substrates 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Agricultural and farming wastes 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Industrial wastes 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Urban wastes 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Sewage sludge 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Biogas 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Biogas composition 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Substrate influence on biogas composition 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Bioreactors 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Batch reactors 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Continuously stirred tank reactor with solids recycle (CSTR\/SR) 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Plug-flow reactor 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.5 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.6 Attached film digester 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.7 Two-phase digester 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusions 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Biohydrogen 345\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Current status of hydrogen production and present use of hydrogen 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Biohydrogen from biomass: present status 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Air pollution due to conventional hydrocarbon-based fuel combustion 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Biohydrogen, a zero-carbon fuel as a potential alternative 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Properties of zero-carbon fuel 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Biohydrogen production processes 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Transport sector 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Fuel cells 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Economics of biohydrogen production 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Issues and barriers 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Future prospects 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Conclusion 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Reactors 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Catalysts 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Economic analysis 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Ecological considerations 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Recommendations 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusions 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Mechanical methods 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Chemical methods 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Lipid transesterification 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Acid-catalyzed transesterification 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Base-catalyzed transesterification 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Heterogeneous acid\/base-catalyzed transesterification 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Lipase-catalyzed transesterification 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Ionic liquid-catalyzed reactions 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Economic considerations 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Competition between microalgal biodiesel and biofuels 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Main challenges to biodiesel production from microalgae 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Economics of biodiesel production 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Environmental considerations 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Uptake of carbon dioxide 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.2 Upgrade of wastewaters 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.3 Management of microalgal biomass 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Final considerations 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.1 Current state 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7.2 Future perspectives 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Bioethanol 431\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Raw materials 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Pretreatment 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Production of inhibitors 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Hydrolysis 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Fermentation 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol – biological route 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Sources of carbon monoxide 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway involved in the bioconversion of carbon monoxide 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Parameters affecting the bioconversion of carbon monoxide to ethanol 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Demonstration projects 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Conclusions 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV Case Studies 465\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1 The viscose process 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.2 Overview of emission points 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.3 Technical solutions to treat the emissions 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.4 Potential to use biotrickling filters in the viscose industry 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Biological CS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e S oxidation 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Products from viscose 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Process flowsheet of fibre-reinforced cellulose casing (FRCC) 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Alternatives for biotrickling filter configurations 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Characteristics of the CaseTech plant 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Description of the BioGat installation 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.6 Performance of the BioGat process 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Characterization of the waste-gas sources 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Design and operation of the system 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Performance data 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.4 Economic aspects 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Characterization of the waste-gas sources 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Design and operation of the system 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Performance data 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Economic aspects 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Food industry emissions 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Identification and quantification of waste-gas emissions 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Choice of the technology 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Design and operating conditions 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.4 Performance of the system 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Waste-gas emissions: nature, concentrations, and flow 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Choice of the gas treatment process 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Design and operating conditions 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.4 Gas collection system 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.5 Gas treatment system 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.6 Performance of the overall system 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Microbiology of sulfide oxidation 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.2 Stoichiometry of sulfide biological oxidation 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Site description 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Biotrickling filter design 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Start-up and biotrickling filter performance 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Facing operational and design challenges 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJort Langerak, Robert Lems and Erwin H.M. Dirkse\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Zalaegerszeg 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Plant configuration at Zalaegerszeg 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Zwolle 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Plant configuration at Zwolle 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Wijster 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4.2 Plant configuration at Wijster 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Poundbury 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5.2 Plant configuration at Poundbury 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.1 Zalaegerszeg 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.2 Zwolle 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.3 Wijster 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.4 Poundbury 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7.5 Overview table of capital and operating expenses 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Conclusions 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 545 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals\/practitioners.\" (\u003ci\u003eChoice\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 February 2014)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"This book is an excellent compilation of engineering and scientific data pertaining to biological systems for both pollution control and energy production, providing real-world scientific information and scholarly research.\" (\u003ci\u003eChemical Engineering Progress\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 August 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"I highly recommend the landmark and all encompassing book \u003ci\u003eAir Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy\u003c\/i\u003e edited by Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga, to any students, faculty, researchers, in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, business leaders in industries facing air pollution challenges, and government policy makers seeking alternative concepts for air pollution control. This book provides the most proven and widely accepted biotechnological solutions to any air pollutant based problems.\" (\u003ci\u003eBlog Business World\u003c\/i\u003e, 10 June 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChristian Kennes\u003c\/b\u003e is the editor of \u003ci\u003eAir Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy\u003c\/i\u003e, published by Wiley.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaria C. Veiga\u003c\/b\u003e is the editor of \u003ci\u003eAir Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy\u003c\/i\u003e, published by Wiley.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, air pollution has become a major worldwide concern. Air pollutants can affect metabolic activity, impede healthy development, and exhibit carcinogenic and toxic properties in humans. Over the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy focusses on these biotechnological alternatives looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStructured in five parts, the book covers:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eFundamentals and microbiological aspects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eBiofilters, bioscrubbers and other end-of-pipe treatment technologies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecific applications of bioreactors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eBiofuels production from pollutants and renewable resources (including biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel and bioethanol) and its environmental impacts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCase studies of applications including biotrickling filtration of waste gases, industrial bioscrubbers applied in different industries and biogas upgrading\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ci\u003eAir Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy\u003c\/i\u003e is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Primarily intended for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology and applied microbiology, the book will also be of interest to industrial and governmental researchers.","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988710637797,"sku":"NP9781119943310","price":231.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119943310.jpg?v=1761781285","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/air-pollution-prevention-and-control-isbn-9781119943310","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}