{"product_id":"aero-optical-effects-isbn-9781119037170","title":"Aero-Optical Effects","description":"\u003cb\u003eAERO-OPTICAL EFFECTS\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExplore the newest techniques and technologies used to mitigate the effects of air flow over airborne laser platforms\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation\u003c\/i\u003e delivers a detailed and insightful introduction to aero-optics and fully describes the current understanding of the physical causes of aero-optical effects from turbulent flows at different speeds. In addition to presenting a thorough discussion of instrumentation, data reduction, and data analysis, the authors examine various approaches to aero-optical effect mitigation using both flow control and adaptive optics approaches. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book explores the sources, characteristics, measurement approaches, and mitigation means to reduce aero-optics wavefront error. It also examines the precise measurements of aero-optical effects and the instrumentation of aero-optics. Flow control for aero-optical applications is discussed, as are approaches like passive flow control, active and hybrid flow control, and closed-loop flow control. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will benefit from discussions of the applications of aero-optics in relation to fields like directed energy and high-speed communications. Readers will also enjoy a wide variety of useful features and topics, including: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Comprehensive discussions of both aero-effects, which include the effects that air flow has over a beam director mounted on an aircraft, and aero-optics, which include atmospheric effects that degrade the ability of an airborne laser to focus a beam\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e A treatment of air buffeting and its effects on beam stabilization and jitter\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e An analysis of mitigating impediments to the use of high-quality laser beams from aircraft as weapons or communications systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Adaptive optics compensation for aero-optical disturbances\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers, engineers, and scientists involved with laser weapon and beam control systems, \u003ci\u003eAero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of principal investigators in defense contract work and independent research and development. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements ix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Motivation for Revisiting Aero-Optics 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Fundamentals 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Wavefronts and Index of Refraction 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Huygens’ Principle 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Basic Equations and Optical Path Difference 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Linking Equation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Image at a Focal Plane (Far-field Propagation) 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Far-field Intensity in the Presence of Near-field Distortions 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Temporal Intensity Variation 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Wavefront Components 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Measuring Wavefronts 31\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Interferometry Methods 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Wavefront Curvature Methods 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Gradient-based Wavefront Sensors 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Wavefront Reconstruction Algorithm 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Malley Probe 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 SABT Sensor 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Typical Optical Set-Ups 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Data Reduction and Interpretation 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Statistical Analysis 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Temporal and Spatial OPD rms 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Histograms and Higher-Moment Statistics 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Spectral Analysis 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Relation between the Deflection Angle Spectrum and the Wavefront Statistics 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Dispersion Analysis 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Modal Analysis 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Zernike Functions 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Direct Method 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.2 Snapshot Method 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Cross-correlation-based Techniques 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Local Convective Speeds 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Multi-point Malley Probe Analysis 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Spatially Varying 2-D Convective Velocity 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Aperture Effects 97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Typical Aero-Optical Flows 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Scaling Arguments 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Free Shear Layers 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Shear-Layer Physics 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Aero-Optical Effects 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Historical Shear Layer Measurements in AEDC 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Weakly Compressible Model 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Boundary Layers 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Model of Aero-optical Distortions for Boundary Layers with Adiabatic Walls 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Angular Dependence 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Finite Aperture Effects 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Nonadiabatic Wall Boundary Layers 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Instantaneous Far-Field Intensity Drop-Outs 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5.1 Absolute SR Threshold 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5.2 Relative Intensity Variation 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Turrets 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 AAOL 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Flow Topology and Dynamics 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Steady-lensing Effects at Forward-looking Angles 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Aero-optical Environment at Back-looking Angles 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Shock-effects at Transonic Speeds 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Aero-Optical Jitter 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Local and Global Jitter 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Local Jitter 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Global Jitter 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Subaperture Effects 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Techniques to Remove the Mechanically Induced Jitter 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Cross-correlation Techniques 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Large-Aperture Experiments 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Stitching Method 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Applications to Adaptive Optics 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Beam-Control Components 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 How Much Correction Is Needed 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Flow-Control Mitigation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Non-Flow-Control Mitigation 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Some Qualities of Separated Shear Layers 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Using the POD Analysis to Develop Requirements 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Proper Number of Wavefront Sensor Subapertures to Actuator Ratio 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Numerical Simulation 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Simulation Results 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Conclusion from the Simulation Results 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Adaptive Optics for Aero-Optical Compensation 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Analogies from Free-Stream Turbulence Compensation 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Statistical Optics Theoretical Considerations 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Power-Law Observations from Aero-Optical Wavefront Data 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Compensation Scaling Laws for Aero-Optics 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Adaptive Optics Control Law and Error Rejection Transfer Function 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Asymptotic Results for Aero-Optics Compensation 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Aero-Optics Compensation Frequency 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Relation of Aero-Optics Scaling Laws to Free-Stream Turbulence 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Spatial and Temporal Limitations of Adaptive Optics 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Framework for Analysis of Aero-Optical Compensation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Deformable Mirror Fitting Error for Aero-Optical POD Modes 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Decomposition of Correctable and Uncorrectable Power Spectrum 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3.1 DM Sensitivity Transfer Function 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Closed-Loop Residual Wavefront Error 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Effect of Latency in Aero-Optics Compensation 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Application to System Performance Modeling 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Scaling of Aero-Optical Statistics to Flight Conditions 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Joint Variations in Adaptive Optics Bandwidth and Actuator Density 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Relative Impact of Aero-Optics with Other Propagation and System Effects 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.1 Comparing Aero-Optics to Free-Stream Turbulence Propagation 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.2 Comparing Aero-Optics to System Optical Jitter 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Tracker Performance Degradations Related to Aero-Optics 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4.1 Track Sensor Aero-Optical Imaging Resolution Degradation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4.2 Illuminator Propagation and Active Imaging through Aero-Optics 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Concluding Remarks 255\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 271\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStanislav Gordeyev\u003c\/b\u003e is an Associate Professor at the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. His expertise includes the investigation of aero-optical distortions caused by compressible turbulent flows around airborne systems. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEric J. Jumper\u003c\/b\u003e is the Roth-Gibson Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. Although he has performed research in a wide range of topics, his present principal research focus is on the understanding of aero-optical phenomena. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMatthew R. Whiteley, PhD, \u003c\/b\u003eis Vice President and Senior Scientist at MZA Associates Corporation in Dayton, Ohio. His research includes aero-optical beam control and sensing of atmospheric turbulence for laser propagation.   \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExplore the newest techniques and technologies used to mitigate the effects of air flow over airborne laser platforms\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation\u003c\/i\u003e delivers a detailed and insightful introduction to aero-optics and fully describes the current understanding of the physical causes of aero-optical effects from turbulent flows at different speeds. In addition to presenting a thorough discussion of instrumentation, data reduction, and data analysis, the authors examine various approaches to aero-optical effect mitigation using both flow control and adaptive optics approaches. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book explores the sources, characteristics, measurement approaches, and mitigation means to reduce aero-optics wavefront error. It also examines the precise measurements of aero-optical effects and the instrumentation of aero-optics. Flow control for aero-optical applications is discussed, as are approaches like passive flow control, active and hybrid flow control, and closed-loop flow control. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaders will benefit from discussions of the applications of aero-optics in relation to fields like directed energy and high-speed communications. Readers will also enjoy a wide variety of useful features and topics, including: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Comprehensive discussions of both aero-effects, which include the effects that air flow has over a beam director mounted on an aircraft, and aero-optics, which include atmospheric effects that degrade the ability of an airborne laser to focus a beam\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e A treatment of air buffeting and its effects on beam stabilization and jitter\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e An analysis of mitigating impediments to the use of high-quality laser beams from aircraft as weapons or communications systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Adaptive optics compensation for aero-optical disturbances\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfect for researchers, engineers, and scientists involved with laser weapon and beam control systems, \u003ci\u003eAero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation\u003c\/i\u003e will also earn a place in the libraries of principal investigators in defense contract work and independent research and development.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988700184805,"sku":"NP9781119037170","price":130.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9781119037170.jpg?v=1761781243","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/aero-optical-effects-isbn-9781119037170","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}