{"product_id":"advanced-materials-innovation-isbn-9780470508923","title":"Advanced Materials Innovation","description":"\u003cp\u003eThrough detailed case studies of the most important advanced material creations of the latter 20th and early 21st century, the author explores the role of the field of advanced materials in the technological and economic activity today, with implications to the innovation process in general.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eA comprehensive study that encompasses the three major categories of advanced material technologies, i.e., Structural Materials (metals and polymers), Functional Materials (transistor, microchip and semiconductor laser) and Hybrid and New Forms of Matter (liquid crystals and nanomaterials).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExtensive use of primary sources, including unpublished interviews with the scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs on the front lines of advanced materials creation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOriginal approach to case study narrative, emphasizing interaction between the advanced material process, perceived risk and directing and accelerating breakthrough technology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePREFACE xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Advanced Materials Innovation: An Overview 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Advanced Materials Revolution, 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Economic Impact of Advanced Materials, 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Information and Computer Technology, 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Energy, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Biotechnology and Health Care, 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Transportation, 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Construction, Infrastructure, and Manufacturing, 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Advanced Material Innovation: The Main Players, 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II STRUCTURAL MATERIALS: METALS AND POLYMERS 17\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Advanced Casting Technology: Ultrathin Steel and the Microalloys 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction, 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Background, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Thick Slab Casting and “Big Steel”, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 The Mini- and Micromill Revolution: Thin Slab and Thin Strip Casting, 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Ultrathin Steel and Microalloys, 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Nucor Steel: Ground Zero for the Mini (and Micro-)-Mill Revolution, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Nucor’s Flexible Structure, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Ken Iverson and Nucor, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Nucor Builds a Steel Minimill, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Thin Slab and Thin Strip Casting: Research and Development, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Thin Slab Casting, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Thin Strip Casting, 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Thin Slab and Thin Strip Casting: Scale-Up, 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 The Challenges of Scaling, 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Nucor and Reducing the Risks of Scaling, 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.1 Structural Risks, 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.2 Resource Risks: Capital, Raw Materials, and Labor, 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.3 Experiential Risks, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Thin Slab and Thin Strip Casting: Commercialization, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Commercializing the Thin Slab Process: Nucor’s “Internalized Static” Culture and Technology Selection, 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Commercializing the Thin Strip Process: Nucor Creates a Dynamic Expansionist Culture, 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 High-Pressure Technology and Dupont’s Synthetic Fiber Revolution 41\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Background: The High-Pressure Process and Advanced Materials, 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 The Nature of High-Pressure Synthesis, 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 DuPont: High-Pressure Synthesis and Its Road to Advanced Fibers, 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.1 DuPont’s Diversification Strategy, 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.2 DuPont Enters Upon—and Struggles with—High-Pressure Synthesis, 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.3 Roger Williams and the First-Generation High-Pressure Chemicals, 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Dupont’s Nylon Revolution, 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Charles Stine and DuPont’s Central Research Department, 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Stine Finds His Star Scientist: Wallace Carothers, 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Carothers and Nylon, 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Nylon: Research Phase, 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Nylon: Development, Scale-Up, and Commercialization, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Nylon’s Children: Orlon and Dacron, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Orlon, 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Orlon: Research Phase, 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.2 Orlon: Development Phase, 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.3 Orlon: Scale-Up and Commercialization, 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Dacron, 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Dacron: Research Phase, 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 Dacron: Development, 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.3 Dacron: Scale-Up and Commercialization, 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Low-Temperature (Interfacial) Polymerization: DuPont’s Specialty Fibers Versus General Electric’s Polycarbonate Revolution 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction and Background, 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Dupont and Specialty Fibers, 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Lycra Spandex and the Block Copolymers, 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Kevlar and the Aramids, 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 General Electric and the Polycarbonates, 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 The Polycarbonates: Research Phase, 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 The Polycarbonates: Development and Scale-Up, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 The Polycarbonates: Commercialization Phase—GE Research Shifts from an Internally Directed to Externally Oriented Culture, 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1 The Patent Issue, 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.2 The Customer Issue, 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Fluidization I: From Advanced Fuels to the Polysilicones 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Background: Fluidization and Advanced Fuels, 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Sun Oil and the Houdry Process, 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Jersey Standard and the Fluidization Process, 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 General Electric and the Polysilicones, 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 The Silicones: Initiation Phase, 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 The Silicones: Research Phase, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Early Research, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.2 Later Research, 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 The Silicones: Development Phase, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3.1 Early Development, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3.2 Later Development, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 The Silicones: Commercialization Phase, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4.1 Patents, 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4.2 Internal Use Versus External Customers, 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Fluidization II: Polyethylene, the Unipol Process, and the Metallocenes 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Background: Polyethylene and the Dupont Problem, 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 DuPont and the Polychemicals Department, 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 DuPont and Delrin Plastic, 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 DuPont and Polyethylene, 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.1 European Developments, 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.2 DuPont and the “One Polyethylene” Strategy, 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.3 DuPont and the High-Density Polyethylene Problem, 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.4 DuPont and Fluidization, 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Union Carbide and the Polyolefins: The Unipol Process, 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Union Carbide and Polyethylene: Background, 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 The Unipol Process: Initiation Phase, 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 The Unipol Process: Research Phase, 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.1 The Unipol Process: Development and Scale-Up Phases, 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 The Unipol Process: Commercialization Phase, 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The Unipol Revolution and the Metallocene Polymers, 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Science and Technology of the Metallocenes, 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 The Metallocene Era and Advanced Materials, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS: SEMICONDUCTORS 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Advanced Materials and the Integrated Circuit I: The Metal-on-Silicon (MOS) Process 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Background, 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 The Vacuum Tube and Advanced Materials, 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Bell Labs and the Point-Contact Transistor, 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Bell Labs: The Early Years, 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Bell Semiconductor Research: The Leading Players, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 The Point-Contact Transistor, 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Shockley Semiconductor and the Junction Transistor, 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 The Junction (Bipolar) Transistor, 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 The Creation and Fall of Shockley Semiconductor, 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fairchild Semiconductor: The Bipolar Company, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 The Silicon Transistor, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 The Planar Process, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 The Integrated Circuit, 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 The MOS Technology at Bell and Fairchild, 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 MOS Research at Bell Labs, 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 MOS Research and Development at Fairchild, 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2.1 The Fairchild MOS Project: Initiation, Research, and Early Development, 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2.2 Development and Early Attempts at Scale-Up: Risk Analysis, 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Advanced Materials and the Integrated Circuit II: The Silicon Gate Process—The Memory Chip and the Microprocessor 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Background: Creating Intel, 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The MOS-SG Process: Research and Early Development, 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 The MOS-SG Process: Development Phase—Perfecting the Process, 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The MOS-SG Process: Product Development, 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 MOS-SG and Memory I: The “DRAM”, 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 MOS-SG and Memory II: The “EPROM”, 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 MOS-SG and the Microprocessor, 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.1 Ted Hoff, Circuit Design, and Inventing the Microprocessor, 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.2 Federico Faggin, the MOS-SG Process, and Making the Microprocessor, 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.3 The Competitive Advantage of Intel’s Microprocessor, 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.4 Championing the Microprocessor at Intel, 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 MOS-SG: Scale-Up and Commercialization, 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Competition and Resource Allocation, 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 The MOS-SG Process, Moore’s Law, and Intel’s “Internalized Short-Term Dynamic” Culture, 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Epitaxial Process I: Bell Labs and the Semiconductor Laser 203\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Background: Advanced Materials, the Epitaxial Process, and Nonsilicon-based Microchips, 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Bell Labs and the Semiconductor Laser, 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 The First Lasers, 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Early Research on the Semiconductor Laser in the United States, 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Bell’s Semiconductor Laser: Initiation and Research, 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Bell’s Semiconductor Laser: Development, 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.1 Toward a Working Prototype, 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.2 Resource Problems and Creative Bootstrapping, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.3 Development of the Semiconductor Laser Gains Importance at AT\u0026amp;T\/Bell Labs, 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.4 The Million-Hour Laser, 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Bell’s Semiconductor Laser: Scale-Up and Commercialization, 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5.1 The Semiconductor Laser Advances to Higher Wavelengths, 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5.2 Bell Faces Competition, 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The Epitaxial Process II: IBM and the Silicon–Germanium (SiGe) Chip 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 IBM and its research, 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 IBM and the Silicon–Germanium Chip, 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 The Silicon–Germanium Chip: Initiation and Research Phases, 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 A Question of Temperature, 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 A Question of Layering: Molecular Beams Versus Chemical Vapor Deposition, 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.3 The Germanium Solution, 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 The Silicon–Germanium Chip: Development Phase, 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Internal Competition, 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Grappling with a Shifting Context and Shrinking Resources, 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.3 Dealing with a Dynamic Market, 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 The Silicon–Germanium Chip: Scale-Up and Commercialization, 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.1 Integrating the Silicon–Germanium Chip into IBM’s Production Process, 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.2 Finding New Markets, 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.3 Creating New Strategies, 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV HYBRID MATERIALS AND NEW FORMS OF MATTER: LIQUID CRYSTALS AND NANOMATERIALS\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e243\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Product-Oriented Materials I: Liquid Crystals and Small LC Displays—the Electronic Calculator and the Digital Watch 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Background, 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 RCA and Liquid Crystal Research, 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 The Liquid Crystal Display: Initiation and Research at RCA, 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.1 Richard Williams and His Liquid Crystal “Domains”, 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.2 George Heilmeier and His Two Modes of Liquid Crystal Action, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.3 The Search for Room-Temperature Liquid Crystals, 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.4 The First Experimental Displays, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 The Liquid Crystal Display: (Attempts at) Development at RCA, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 Weakening Influence of the Sarnoff Labs, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 Search for a Business Unit, 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.3 Loss of the Champion, 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Small LCD Development, Scale-up, and Commercialization I: US Start-ups Spin-off, 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Europe and Liquid Crystals, 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Small LCD Development, Scale-up, and Commercialization II: Japan, 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 The Sharp Corporation and the LCD Pocket Calculator, 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 The Seiko Corporation and the Digital Watch, 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Product-oriented Materials II: Liquid Crystals, Thin-Film Transistors, and Large LC Displays—Flat-screen Televisions and Personal Computers 271\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Background, 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 TFTs: Initiation, Research, and Early Development, 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 The United States: Westinghouse and TFTs, 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Europe: New Forms of Silicon and TFTs, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Large LCDs: Development, Scale-up, and Commercialization, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Large LC Display Start-Up and Spin-Off Ventures in the United States, 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Japan Enters into Large LC Displays, 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Flat-Panel (Hang-on-the-Wall) TVs, 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Computer Displays: Joint US–Japanese Cooperation, 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Nanomaterials: The Promise and the Challenge 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Background, 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Nanomaterials, 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Nanotubes, 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Nanotubes: Discovery and Early Research, 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Early Research, 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.1 A Question of Space Dust, 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.2 Richard Smalley, Clusters, and the “AP2” Machine, 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.3 Chance Discovery of a New Form of Matter: C60 and the “Buckyball”, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Nanotubes: Later Research and Early Development, 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 A Small Buckyball “Factory” in Germany, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Smalley Reenters the Fray: An Entrepreneurial Vision, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 The Laser Oven Stopgap, 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 The “HiPco” Solution: Fluidization and Nanomaterials, 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Nanotubes: Later Development and Scale-up, 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Technology Transfer: From Rice University to Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc., 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.1 CNI and Its Pilot Plant, 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.2 SWNTs and Their Problems, 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Nanotubes—commercialization: The Case of Bayer Materials Science, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART V CONCLUSION 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Risks, Champions, and Advanced Materials Innovation 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 The Major Task Milestones in Advanced Materials Creation, 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 “Underground” Versus “Aboveground” Advanced Materials Innovation, 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Underground Versus Aboveground Innovation, Strategic Context, and the Major Task Milestones, 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Underground Versus Aboveground Innovation: Firm and Project Characteristics, 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Underground Advanced Materials Creation: General Electric and Union Carbide, 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Aboveground Advanced Materials Creation and the “Gauntlet of Risks”, 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Phase I: Initiation—“Relevancy” Risks, 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Phase II: Early Research—Intellectual Risks, 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Phase III: Late Research—Resource Minimization Risks, 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Phase IV: Early Development—Prototyping Risks, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Phase V: Late Development—Technology–Market Interaction Risks, 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.6 Phase VI: Scale-Up Phase—Scaling Risks, 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.7 Phase VII: Commercialization Phase—“Cultural-Strategic” Risks, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 The Structural Context and Advanced Materials Innovation, 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Inventors and Champions, 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Inventors, Champions, and the Gauntlet of Risks, 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 The Different Types of Advanced Materials Champions, 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Final Thoughts and Implications, 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.1 Implications for Companies and Investors, 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.2 Implications for Government, 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.3 A Global Perspective, 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDEX 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr. Sanford L. Moskowitz\u003c\/b\u003e is Associate Professor of Global Business at St. John's University and the College of St. Benedict (Collegeville, MN). Dr. Moskowitz specializes in the evolution of advanced global technologies and their markets. He is a consultant to global business in the area of innovation and technological development and has delivered key-note presentations on advanced materials and related technologies at academic and professional conferences within the US and internationally. His views on the future of advanced material development have appeared in such publications as The Economist and Wired Magazine. Dr. Moskowitz is the author of The Advanced Materials Revolution: Technology and Economic Growth in the Age of Globalization (2009, John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons). Dr. Moskowitz holds a B.S. in physics from the City College of New York (CCNY) and an M.S., M. Phil. and Ph.D. in economic and business history from Columbia University (New York, N.Y.).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA detailed examination of the innovation process of important advanced materials and their products\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFew areas play such a large role in the technological and economic activity today as the field of advanced materials. Why do advanced materials play such an important role in 21st century society? Which of the promising advanced materials being created in laboratories around the world are likely to become market reality? Which companies and governments will be the winners and which the losers in the advanced materials game? This book explores these questions through detailed case studies that highlight the technical, organizational, economic and human dimensions of the most important advanced material creations of the latter 20th and early 21st century.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eComprehensive study that encompasses the three major categories of advanced material technologies, i.e., Structural Materials (metals, polymers, and fuels), Functional Materials (transistor, microchip and semiconductor laser) and Hybrid and New Forms of Matter (liquid crystals and nanomaterials).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExtensive use of primary sources, including unpublished interviews with the scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs on the front lines of advanced materials creation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eInnovative approach to case study narrative emphasizing interaction between advanced material process, perceived risk and the creative champion in directing and accelerating breakthrough technology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eComparative analysis of failures and successes that help understand why firms falter as well as why they triumph\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSummary final chapter that constructs a \"Gauntlet of Risks\" approach to predicting a firm’s chances of succeeding at creating breakthrough advanced materials.  \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"Sanford Moskowitz [in his] book Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st Century [shows that] the time between lab and markets is very difficult to predict for new materials [but that] the search for new material properties remains an integral element in a healthy and dynamic innovation ecosystem.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003e—The Economist\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"Moskowitz has written a surprisingly accessible…book that traces the history and key breakthroughs in the realm of advanced materials, an important growth engine in emerging markets. This is an important book that has relevance for academics, students, researchers, executives and policymakers.\"\u003cbr\u003e—\u003cb\u003eJonathan  P. Doh\u003c\/b\u003e, Rammrath Endowed Chair in International Business, Professor of Management and Operations, Villanova University School of Business\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"An elegantly crafted book…with an insightful analysis of advanced materials innovation.  We learn how major corporations have navigated minefields and opportunities; why some companies succeed in turning out winners and why others fail.  Even though I have been investing in the advanced materials space for 15 years, this book gave me a much better appreciation for the importance of advanced materials to our economy and their global impact.\"\u003cbr\u003e—\u003cb\u003eChris Erickson\u003c\/b\u003e, Founder and General Partner, Pangaea Ventures Ltd., Advanced Materials Venture Capital, Vancouver, BC\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47988668104933,"sku":"NP9780470508923","price":167.95,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1842\/7735\/files\/9780470508923.jpg?v=1761781189","url":"https:\/\/k12savings.com\/es\/products\/advanced-materials-innovation-isbn-9780470508923","provider":"K12savings","version":"1.0","type":"link"}