Toxic Air Pollution Handbook

This book addresses air dispersion and deposition models, how to include population activity in an exposure assessment, how to derive and use ambient concentration limits, and how to use risk assessment with air toxics. Includes air toxics from mobile sources, the effects of various regulatory programs, and international controls. Acknowledgment

Preface

Contributor List

Background 3

Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments 25

Toxic Air Pollutants and Their Sources 33

Assessment and Control of Toxic Air Pollutants 50

Evaluation of Toxicological Data 57

Quantitative Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment 79

Noncancer Toxicity of Inhaled Toxic Air Pollutants: Available Approaches for Risk Assessment and Risk Management 100

Exposure Assessment Principles 133

Source Sampling and Analysis 166

Emissions Estimation 217

Air Dispersion and Deposition Models 226

Atmospheric Transformation and Removal of Air Toxics 241

Human Intake 249

Population and Activity Analysis 264

Ecological Risk Assessment 280

Legislative and Legal Considerations 291

Ambient Concentration Limits 313

Technology Standards 325

Risk Assessment and Risk Management 341

Cost-Benefit Approaches 362

Gaseous Toxic Air Pollutant Control Technologies 373

Fugitive Emissions Controls 398

Pollution Prevention 440

Special Sources of Toxic Air Pollutants 461

Mobile Sources and Air Toxics 469

Other Programs That Control Toxic Air Pollutants 489

Control of Air Toxics in Other Countries 505

Risk Communication on Toxic Air Pollutants 514

Ap A Noncancer Toxicity of Inhaled Air Pollutants: Available Approaches for Risk Assessment and Risk Management 529

Ap B Supplementary Procedures for Obtaining Fugitive Emission Estimates 542

Ap C Response Factors 550

Ap D Vacuum Bagging 552

Ap E Blow-Through Bagging 555

Ap F Recirculation Bagging 558

Ap G Exposure and Risk Models 559

Acronyms and Abbreviations 567

Bibliography 573

Index 579

About the Editor David R. Patrick is a nationally known expert on air pollution and has over 20 years' experience as a Professional Engineer. Currently he directs air pollution services for both public and private sector clients in his position as Vice President of ICF Kaiser International in Fairfax, Virginia. While working for the EPA for 15 years, Mr. Patrick managed programs and directed studies involving all aspects of evaluation, measurement, regulation, and control of air pollution. He serves as an expert air pollution witness for the U.S. Department of Justice, has written extensively on air pollution topics, and speaks frequently at technical meetings and seminars. Toxic Air Pollution Handbook Edited by David R. Patrick The 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act created an entirely new program for the regulation of toxic air pollutants. As a result, the sources of these pollutants have been required to upgrade their control measures or install new ones. Here is the first comprehensive reference on how to assess, regulate, and control these pollutants in order to comply with the new regulations. The Toxic Air Pollution Handbook lists 189 toxic air pollutants subject to regulation and their sources. It covers the latest acceptable control methods and identifies safe and/or acceptable levels of exposure for these pollutants as mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. The author clarifies the requirements of the 1990 amendments, describes how the toxicity of air pollutants is evaluated, and provides EPA-accepted health criteria for dealing with these pollutants. Also included are discussions of

• Methods for assessing/quantifying human exposure to toxic air pollutants
• Technologies and operating procedures used to control emissions
• Fugitive emissions (an important but little understood source of air pollution)
• Air sampling methods and emission estimation
• How to communicate with the public, press, and regulators about risks associated with air toxics

Throughout, emphasis is on the reduction of toxic emissions. The author discuses the new science of ecological assessment, as well as current state and local toxic air pollutant regulatory programs. He addresses air dispersion and deposition models, how to include population activity in an exposure assessment, how to derive and use ambient concentration limits, and how to use risk assessment with air toxics. Other key subjects addressed include air toxic from mobile sources, the effects of various regulatory programs, and international controls. Plant managers, environmental managers, environmental consultants, regulators, and teachers will find the Toxic Air Pollution Handbook to be a vital resource.