Water and Sanitation-Related Diseases and the Changing Environment

The revised and updated second edition of Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Changing Environment offers an interdisciplinary guide to the conditions responsible for water and sanitation related diseases. The authors discuss the pathogens, vectors, and their biology, morbidity and mortality that result from a lack of safe water and sanitation. The text also explores the distribution of these diseases and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eradicate them.

The text includes contributions from authorities from the fields of climate change, epidemiology, environmental health, environmental engineering, global health, medicine, medical anthropology, nutrition, population, and public health. Covers the causes of individual diseases with basic information about the diseases and data on the distribution, prevalence, and incidence as well as interconnected factors such as environmental factors. The authors cover access to and maintenance of clean water, and guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and grey water, plus examples of solutions.

Written for students, and professionals in infectious disease, public health and medicine, chemical and environmental engineering, and international affairs, the second edition of Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Changing Environment isa comprehensive resource to the conditions responsible for water and sanitation related diseases.

FOREWORD ix
Paul Farmer

PREFACE xi
Janine M. H. Selendy

CONTRIBUTORS xiii

INTRODUCTION xv
Janine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aagaard-Hansen

SECTION I WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE: MEETING THE NEED 1

1 Toward Universal Access to Basic and Safely Managed Drinking Water: Remaining Challenges and New Opportunities in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals 3
Mitsuaki Hirai and Jay Graham

2 The Human Right to Sanitation 17
Anoop Jain and Jay Graham

3 Coping with Water Needs: The Demographic Future 25
Guigui Yao and Robert Wyman

4 Water, Food, and the Environment 39
Robert Wyman and Guigui Yao

5 Water and Armed Conflict 53
Barry S. Levy

6 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 59
Nikhil Chandavarkar

SECTION II WATER AND SANITATION‐RELATED DISEASES 63

7 Infectious Diarrhea 65
Sean Fitzwater, Anita Shet, Mathuram Santosham, and Margaret Kosek

8 Soil‐Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 95
Alexander T. Yu and Brian G. Blackburn

9 Food Systems and Nutrition in the Context of Climate Change 111
José Graziano da Silva

10 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: New Understanding and Directions for Intervention 127
Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer

11 Schistosomiasis 147
Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard‐Hansen

12 Trachoma 159
Emma M. Harding‐Esch, Joseph A. Cook, David C. Mabey, and Anthony W. Solomon

SECTION III ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURALLY OCCURRING POLLUTANTS 171

13 Impacts of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment 173
M. Danielle McDonald

14 Other Water Pollutants: Antimicrobial Resistance 177
Rochelle Rainey

15 Global Substitution of Mercury‐Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 189
Anitha Nimmagadda, Ivorie Stanley, Joshua Karliner, and Peter Orris

SECTION IV WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE 197

16 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low‐Income Countries 199
Thomas F. Clasen

SECTION V CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH 213

17 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 215
Mary E. Wilson

18 Reassessing Multiple‐Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 229
Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro

19 Ecosystem Health as the Basis for Human Health 245
Tom Barker and Jane Fisher

20 Addressing the Nexus of Water, Sanitation, Health, and Climate Change Through Multistakeholder Partnerships 271
Nikhil Chandavarkar

SECTION VI SUCCESS STORIES 275

21 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 277
Julio Frenk and Octavio Gomez‐Dantés

22 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 283
Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz‐Tiben

23 Sanitation Case Studies 291
Anoop Jain and Jay Graham

24 Catalyzing Rural Sanitation at Scale: Lessons Learned from the Global Sanitation Fund 297
Patrick England and Carolien Van der Voorden

AFTERWORD 311

INDEX 313

About the Editor

Janine M. H. Selendy, Co-Chairman, Founder, and Publisher, Horizon International, Yale University, New Haven, USA.

The Authoritative Guide to Water and Sanitation Related Diseases, with Many Revised, Updated and New Chapters, Accompanies the First Edition

Augmenting authoritative interdisciplinary coverage in the first edition, this new edition of Water and Sanitation-Related Diseases and the Changing Environment expands upon the significance of the changing environment to disease vectors, food systems and nutrition, and population, and the importance of ecosystem health to human health. Many chapters stand as they are in first edition to which readers are referred, and which are not included in this volume.

The books were written by 75 experts from the fields of climate change, environmental engineering, environmental health, epidemiology, food and agriculture, global health, medicine, medical anthropology, nutrition, population, and public health. The authors discuss international conditions responsible for diseases that result from a lack of safe water and sanitation including pollutants and other interconnected environmental factors. The authors discuss the pathogens, vectors, and their biology, morbidity and mortality that result from a lack of safe water and sanitation. The text also explores the distribution of these diseases and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eliminate them. The authors cover access to and maintenance of clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and grey water, plus examples of solutions. This important guide:

• Offers an understanding of the interconnection among many water-related diseases, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors.
• Provides an appreciation of the concerns and most recent solutions addressed from an international perspective.
• Provides strategies for securing safe water, sanitation, and hygiene.
• Is filled with compelling examples of successful interventions and how they were accomplished, such as the near eradication of Guinea worm disease.

Written for students and professionals in public health and medicine, chemical and environmental engineering, and international affairs, and for decision-makers and corporate leaders, this new edition of Water and Sanitation-Related Diseases and the Changing Environment is a comprehensive resource that complements the first edition.