The Solid Waste Handbook
Description
Part 1 The Public Issues
1 Using The Handbook Who and How 3
William D. Robinson
1.1 Who and How 4
1.2 Issues That Are Controversial Neglected or Ignored 4
1.3 Chapter Abstracts 4
2 Legislation and Involved Agencies 9
William L. Kovacs
2.1 History of Solid Waste Management Laws 9
2.2 Hazardous Waste Aspects of RCRA 10
2.3 Solid Waste Guidelines and Planning Process 13
2.4 Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials 15
2.5 Other Federal Statutes Impacting on Solid Waste Management 16
2.5.1 Department of Energy 16
2.5.2 National Energy’ Conservation Policy Act Pub. L. 95-619 18
2.5.3 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and PURPA 18
2.5.4 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 19
2.6 Implementation of RCRA 19
2.6.1 EPA’s Implementation of RCRA 19
2.6.2 The EPA Solid Waste Program 20
2.6.3 The EPA 20
2.6.4 The Procurement of Recovered Materials 21
2.7 DOE’s Impact on Solid Waste Management 21
2.8 Impact of New Federalism 21
2.9 Current and Future Issues in Solid Waste 23
2.9.1 The Liability Issue 23
2.9.2 Cost Competitiveness of New Technology 23
2.9.3 The Need for Solid Waste Flow Control and the Municipal Action Exemption 24
2.9.4 The Absent Parties in EPA Litigation—States and Municipalities 25
2.9.5 Procurement and Recycling 26
2.10 Summary 26
3 Public Perceptions and Community Relations 31
Lawrence Chertoff and Diane Buxbaum
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Resource Recovery Project Case Study 31
3.2.1 Facilities Investigated 31
3.2.2 Data-Gathering Technique 32
3.2.3 Summary of Interview Questions Asked 32
3.2.4 Communities Studied 32
3.3 Implications of Case Study 33
3.3.1 Motivating Forces 33
3.3.2 Militating Factors 33
3.3.3 Economic Considerations 33
3.3.4 Community Education 34
3.4 Case Analysis 34
3.4.1 Abandoned Projects 34
3.4.2 Abandoned Sites 36
3.4.3 Successful Projects 38
3.4.4 Projects in Doubt 39
3.5 Summary 40
4 The Feasibility Study Procurement and Construction Management 43
Stuart H. Russell Robert Brickner and Charles Peterson
4.1 The Feasibility Study 43
4.1.1 Introduction 43
4.1.2 Gathering Basic Data 44
4.1.3 Identifying Markets 52
4.1.4 Selecting Alternatives 56
4.1.5 Net System Cost Modeling 58
4.1.6 Comparing Alternatives 63
4.2 Procurement (and Construction Management) 68
4.2.1 Introduction 68
4.2.2 Approaches: A/E Turnkey. Full Service 69
4.2.3 Procurement Methods 73
4.2.4 Construction Management 77
5 Waste Disposal/Resource Recovery Plant Costs 93
W. D. Robinson and Sergio E. Martinez
5.1 Capital Cost 93
5.1.1 Spectrum of Facilities Costs 94
5.1.2 Preproject Expenses 95
5.1.3 Financing a New Plant 95
5.1.4 Foreign Financing 96
5.1.5 Preproject Engineering 96
5.1.6 Selecting a Consulting Engineer 96
5.1.7 Concept and System Choices: Reliability and Redundancy 97
5.1.8 Cost Control 97
5.1.9 Purchasing Procedures 99
5.2 Construction Cost 99
5.2.1 Schedules 100
5.2.2 Labor Cost 104
5.2.3 Cost Containment 105
5.2.4 Cost Controls 106
5.3 Operating Costs 107
5.3.1 Plant Ownership and Operation by Local Government 109
5.3.2 Private Operation and Publicly Owned Plants 109
5.3.3 Facilities Owned and Operated by Private Industry 109
5.3.4 Revenues 109
5.3.5 Expense 113
5.3.6 Profit 114
5.3.7 Cost Control 115
6 Economics and Financing of Resource Recovery Projects 121
Warren T. Gregory Jonathan M. Wooten Michael R Lissack and R. S. Madenburg
6.1 Resource Recovery Financing Structures 121
6.1.1 Public Ownership 121
6.1.2 Private Ownership Financing. 122
6.1.3 Leveraged Lease Financing Structures 124
6.1.4 Builder/Operator Ownership 125
6.1.5 Accounting Considerations 125
6.2 A Case Analysis: Various Financing Alternatives for a Cogeneration Resource Recovery Facility over 20 years 127
6.2.1 Landfill Only No Resource Recovery 127
6.2.2 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower Each Year 127
6.2.3 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower in Early Years (Beginning at Interest Only) and Higher in Later Years 127
6.2.4 Leveraged Lease Financings 131
6.2.5 Leveraged Lease Financings with Stabilization Fund in Early Years 131
6.2.6 Vendor Ownership Financings 131
6.3 Case Analysis Summary 132
Appendix 6.1 Assessing Waste-To-Knergy Project Risks 133
Appendix 6-2 Resource Recovery Ratings (Bonds) Approach 139
7 Legal Issues 151
Barry S. Shanoff and Jane C. Souzon
7.1 Waste Flow Control 151
7.1.1 Competitive Tipping Fees 151
7.1.2 Private Agreements and Contracts 151
7.1.3 Legislative Controls 152
7.2 Interstate Commerce 153
7.3 Finished landfill Site Continuing Liabilities 155
7.3.1 Insurance 156
7.3.2 Surety Bonds 156
7.3.3 Trust Funds 156
Appendix 7.1 Sample Franchise Administration and Rate-Averaging Procedure 156
Appendix 7.2 Sample Intermunicipal Agreement Re: Solid Waste 162
Appendix 7.3 Sample Indemnity Bond 171
Appendix 7.4 Sample Provisions—Landfill Environmental Trust Fund 172
Part 2 Implementation Issues: Systems Hardware Operations
8 Collection of Residential Solid Waste 177
H. Lanier Hickman Jr.
8.1 Introduction and Policy Overview 177
8.2 Managing Change in a Solid Waste Collection System 178
8.2.1 Introduction 178
8.2.2 Game Plan for Change 178
8.3 Cost Accounting Procedures for Solid Waste Collection Systems 179
8.3.1 Introduction 179
8.3.2 Enterprise Fund Accounting 179
8.3.3 System Deficiencies 179
8.3.4 Summary 180
8.4 Unions and Solid Waste Collection 180
8.4.1 Introduction 180
8.4.2 Collective Bargaining in Residential Solid Waste Collection 180
8.4.3 Managing Change 182
8.4.4 Summary 182
8.5 Contracting for Residential Solid Waste Collection 183
8.5.1 Introduction 183
8.5.2 Determining Type and Level of Service 183
8.5.3 Technical Specifications 183
8.5.4 Summary 185
8.6 Collection Equipment Maintenance Programs 185
8.6.1 Introduction 185
8.6.2 Planned Maintenance 185
8.6.3 Components in a Maintenance Program 185
8.6.4 Other Factors to Consider 186
8.6.5 Summary 187
8.7 Optimizing the Performance of Collection Services 187
8.7.1 Introduction 187
8.7.2 Factors Affecting Productivity and Costs 187
8.7.3 Measuring Productivity in Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 189
8.7.4 The Five-Stage Process Jo Improve Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 190
9 Transfer of Municipal Solid Waste 195
Laurence T. Schaper
9.1 The Transfer Station 195
9.1.1 Potential Advantages 195
9.1.2 Types of Users 196
9.2 Location 196
9.3 Design Choices 197
9.3.1 Station Concepts 197
9.3.2 Sizing Transfer Facilities 197
9.3.3 Site Development and Ancillary Facilities 202
9.4 Process Options 203
9.4.1 Baling 203
9.4.2 Shredding 204
9.5 Transfer Vehicles 204
9.5.1 Compaction Trailers 204
9.5.2 Noncompaction Trailers 204
9.5.3 Number of Vehicles Required 205
9.6 Materials-Handling Equipment 206
9.7 Maintenance 207
9.8 Cost Analysis and Case Studies 208
9.8.1 Cost Analysis 208
9.8.2 Case Studies 211
10 Source Separation and Citizen Recycling 215
Robert Cowles Letcher and Mary T. Sheil
10.1 Perceptions Analysis and Status 215
10.1.1 Recycling Defined 216
10.1.2 Source Separation Programs Defined 216
10.1.3 Recycling and the Waste Disposal Industry 216
10.1.4 Implications for Both Concepts 216
10.1.5 Waste: Perceptions and Perspectives 217
10.1.6 The Institutionalization of Waste Disposal 217
10.1.7 Benefits of Source Separation 219
10.1.8 Benefits of the Recycling System 220
10.1.9 Source Separation Versus Centralized Resource-Recovery Process Systems 221
10.1.10 Summary of Source Separation Program Incentives and Benefits 223
10.1.11 Summary of Materials Markets and Programs 227
10.1.12 Case Studies 229
10.2 Recycling: A Statewide Program for New Jersey 238
10.2.1 Background 240
10.2.2 Implementing the Recycling Plan 246
10.2.3 Meeting the Challenge 246
10.2.4 Collection of Recyclables 247
10.2.5 Recycling—A Cost Avoidance Mechanism 247
10.2.6 Market Expansion and Development 247
10.2.7 Education—The Key to Success 248
10.2.8 A Total Effort 248
Appendix 10.1 Sample Contract to Sell Used Papers 250
Appendix 10.2 State Recycling Associations 251
Appendix 10.3 Trade Associations of Industries Which Process or Use Recycled Materials 252
Appendix 10.4 Slate Resource Recovery Agencies 253
Appendix 10.5 New Jersey Programs 256
Program A: Municipal Curbside Collection with a Drop-Off Center 256
Program B: Municipal Curbside Collection 257
Program C: Drop-Off Centers in Urbanized/Suburban Regional Area Program 258
11 Land Disposal 259
Philip R. O’Leary Larry Canter William D Robinson
11.1 Landfill Disposal: Theory and Practice 259
11.1.1 Definition and Background 259
11.1.2 Principles of Operation 260
11.1.3 Biological and Chemical Processes 263
11.1.4 Environmental Protection Considerations 266
11.1.5 Guidelines: Federal and State 267
11.1.6 Landfill Development 267
11.1.7 Service Area Waste Quantities and Land Requirements 268
11.1.8 Siting Procedures 269
11.1.9 Techniques for Comparing Candidate Sites by Specific Issues 272
11.1.10 Public Involvement 274
11.1.11 Plan Preparation and Regulatory Approval 280
11.1.12 Leachate Formation and Control 286
11.1.13 Methane Gas Formation and Control 313
11.1.14 Landfill Operations 321
11.1.15 Landfill Equipment Selection and Utilization 323
11.1.16 On-Site Processing 326
11.1.17 Operator Safety 327
11.1.18 Site Closure and Long-term Care 329
11.2 Landfill With Bales 338
11.2.1 Background 338
11.2.2 The Baling Process 338
11.2.3 High-Density Balers 338
11.2.4 Medium-Density Balers 341
11.2.5 Transportation of Bales 343
11.2.6 The Balefill 345
11.2.7 Approximate Capita] and Operating Costs 345
11.2.8 Summaries of Balefill Test Results and Testing of Bales as Foundation Material 346
Appendix 11.1 Key Elements of the Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices 347
Appendix 11.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Determining Whether Solid Waste Disposal Activities Comply with Groundwater Protection Criteria 349
Appendix 11.3 Sanitary Landfill Inspection Report 351
Appendix 11.4 Sanitary Landfill Design and Operational Guidelines 354
Appendix 11.5 Sample of Technical Site Criteria for Chemical Waste Disposal 360
Appendix 11.6 Items lo Be Included in the Engineering Report for a Sanitary Landfill 364
Appendix 11.7 Landfill Site Rating Method 365
Appendix 11.8 Decision I-actors in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 369
Appendix 11.9 Evaluation of Solid Waste Baling and Landfilling 370
Ralph Stone and Richard Kahle
Appendix 11.10 Engineering Study of Baled Solid Waste as Foundation Material 373
Roger G. Siutter
12 Resource Recovery: Prepared Fuels Energy and Materials 377
David J. Schlouhauer George E. Boyhan William D. Robinson Kenneth L. Woodruff Jay A. Campbell Gordon L. Sutin David G. Robinson E. Joseph Duckett Anthony R. Nollet and Robert H. Greeley
12.1 Energy Recovery Overview Processed Fuels 377
12.1.1 Dedicated Units 380
12.1.2 Modification of Existing Units 380
12.1.3 Energy Recovery Methods and Products 382
12.1.4 Cofiring 383
12.1.5 Codisposal 386
12.1.6 Economics and Case Histories 388
12.2 Processed Refuse Fuel Types 398
12.3 Methods of Combustion or Energy Recovery of Processed Fuels 400
12.3.1 Spreader Stoker Firing 401
12.3.2 Suspension-Fired Units 404
12.3.3 Fluidized Bed Units 405
12.3.4 Cyclone Furnace Firing 409
12.3.5 Pyrolysis 410
12.3.6 Cement Kilns 411
12.3.7 Bioconversion 412
12.4 Fuel Process Systems 415
12.4.1 Dry Process 416
12.4.2 Wet Process 417
12.4.3 Combined Dry/Wet System 417
12.4.4 Energy Output Comparison 419
12.4.5 Characteristics of Dry/Wet Systems 419
12.4.6 Market for RDF Fuel 419
12.4.7 RDF Storage 422
12.4.8 By-Product Recovery 423
12.5 Process and Materials-Handling Systems and Equipment; Shredding and Receiving Systems 423
12.5.1 Background 423
12.5.2 Typical RDF Dry Process Components and Systems 424
12.5.3 Shredding and the Air-Classifier Anomalies 428
12.5.4 Size Reduction: Key Factors 429
12.5.5 Shredders 430
12.5.6 Shredder Operating Characteristics 432
12.5.7 Design/Operating Factors Common to Topfeed Shredders 436
12.5.8 Recent Improvements in Shredder Design 437
12.5.9 Flail Mills 441
12.5.10 Rotary Shear 442
12.5.11 Front-End Raw Material Receiving Systems 444
12.5.12 Front-End Receiving Conveyers and Burden Depth Control 446
12.5.13 Shredder Discharge Conveyers 449
12.5.14 Summary 449
12.6 Process and Materials Handling Equipment; Rotary Shear Shredders Design and Operation 452
12.6.1 Background and Description 452
12.6.2 Operating Experience 453
12.6.3 Operating and Maintenance Costs 454
12.6.4 Applications 454
12.6.5 Shear Shredder Manufacturers 455
12.7 Process and Materials Handling Equipment: Screens for Solid Waste Processing 455
12.7.1 Background 455
12.7.2 Vibrating Screens 455
12.7.3 Trommel Screens 456
12.7.4 Disc Screens 458
12.7.5 Summary 459
12.7.6 Representative Installations 459
12.7.7 Solid Waste Processing Screen Manufacturers 460
12.8 Densified Refuse-Derived Fuel (dRDF) 461
12.8.1 Background 46
12.8.2 Production Technology Status 462
12.8.3 Densification Equipment Performance and Problems 462
12.8.4 dRDF Properties and Characteristics 467
12.8.5 Storage and Handling 469
12.8.6 Densification Costs 469
12.8.7 dRDF Combustion Experience 471
12.9 Refuse Derived Fuel Storage Retrieval and Transport 473
12.9.1 RDF Storage Retrieval and Transport 473
12.9.2 Remote Steam Plant and RDF Transport 474
12.9.3 Processing Facility and Steam Plant Same Site 474
12.9.4 Atlas Storage and Retrieval System 475
12.9.5 Miller Hofft Bin and Retrieval System 477
12.9.6 Concrete Hunker Bulk Storage 477
12.9.7 Floor Bulk Storage 479
12.9.8 Surge Storage 479
12.9.9 Miller Hofft Surge Bins 479
12.9.10 Sprout Waldron Surge Bins 479
12.9.11 Moving By-Pass Surge Storage Systems 479
12.9.12 Hooper Live-Bottom Bin 480
12.9.13 RDF Distribution and Feed 481
12.10 Recovered Materials Specifications and Markets 483
12.10.1 Introduction 483
12.10.2 Ferrous Metals 483
12.10.3 Glass 484
12.10.4 Aluminum 486
12.10.5 Paper and Corrugated 487
12.10.6 Other Miscellaneous Material 491
12.10.7 Conclusion 496
12.11 Recovered Materials-Equipment and Systems 497
12.11.1 Introduction 497
12.11.2 Air Classifiers 497
12.11.3 Ferrous Metal Recovery 498
12.11.4 Nonferrous Metals Recovery 503
12.11.5 Paper Recovery 504
12.11.6 Glass Recovery 505
12.11.7 Plastics Recovery 505
12.11.8 Ash Processing for Metals and Aggregate Recovery 506
12.12 Raw Material Quantity and Composition: A Final Check 507
12.12.1 Quantification Survey 507
12.12.2 Presurvey Planning 508
12.12.3 Survey Scope 509
12.12.4 Quantification Survey Work Tasks 513
12.12.5 Quantification Survey Summary Report 514
12.12.6 Waste Composition Survey 515
12.12.7 The Sorting Program 522
12.12.8 Laboratory Analysts 527
12.13 Health and Safety: Health Aspects 530
12.13.1 Explosion Protection 532
12.13.2 Dusts 536
12.13.3 Microbiological Aspects 537
12.13.4 Noise Control 538
12.13.5 Conclusion 539
12.14 Health and Safety: Implementation 541
12.14.1 Background and Scope 541
12.14.2 Safety Rules and Practice 542
12.14.3 Personnel Safety 544
12.14.4 Raw Material Presort 546
12.14.5 Raw Material Surveillance 548
12.14.6 Explosion Protection 550
12.14.7 Remedial Measures: Explosions in Resource-Recovery Plants 552
12.14.8 Postexplosion Procedures 554
13 Resource Recovery: Mass Burn Energy and Materials 557
Miro Dvirka
13.1 Mass Burn Energy Recovery Overview 557
13.1.1 Dedicated Unit: Boiler Types 557
13.2 Existing Units and Retrofits 560
13.3 Mass Burn Energy Products 561
13.3.1 Constraints. 561
13.3.2 Steam Generation 562
13.3.3 Power Generation 564
13.3.4 Cogeneration 565
13.4 Codisposal Sewage 567
13.4.1 Coburning (in suspension) of Predried Sludge Above Grate-Fired Refuse 567
13.4.2 Coburning Dewatered Sludge layered with Refuse in Furnace Feed 569
13.5 Field-Erected Units: Systems and Sizing 571
13.6 Raw Material Receiving and Storage 572
13.6.1 Pit/Bunker Sizing 572
13.6.2 Oversized Material 572
13.6.3 Fire and Ventilation 573
13.7 Retrieval and Furnace Feed 573
13.7.1 Crane Design Criteria 573
13.7.2 Crane Feed Cycle Design Criteria 574
13.8 Stoker and Furnace Design 575
13.8.1 Combustion Process Equations 575
13.8.2 Stoker Design 577
13.8.3 Furnace Design 581
13.9 Water-Cooled Rotary Combustor 587
13.10 Small-Scale “Modular” Units 590
13.10.1 Combustion Concepts 590
13.10.2 Raw Material Receiving and Storage Modular Units 590
13.10.3 Raw Material Retrieval and Feed Systems 590
13.10.4 Combustion Systems 591
13.10.5 Emissions Control Modular Units 591
13.10.6 Application Constraints 593
14 Resource Recovery: Air Pollutant Emissions and Control 595
Walter R. Niessen
14.1 Regulatory Context—Federal 595
14.1.1 National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 596
14.1.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 and Amendments 596
14.2 Regulatory Context—State and Local 597
14.3 Air Pollutant Uncontrolled Emissions 597
14.3.1 Inorganic Particulate and Comparison of Firing Methods 597
14.3.2 Combustible Particulate 605
14.3.3 Total Particulate 666
14.3.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 607
14.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 608
14.3.6 Sulfur Oxides 608
14.3.7 Hydrochloric Acid 609
14.3.8 Micropollutants 609
14.4 Control Technology 613
14.4.1 Particulate Matter 614
14.4.2 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons 617
14.4.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)t 617
14.4.4 Acid Gases 618
14.4.5 Micropollutants 618
15 Marketing Resource Recovery Products 621
Rigdon Boykin Bernays Thomas Barclay and Calvin Lieberman
15.1 Energy 621
15.1.1 Energy Marketing Principles 621
15.1.2 Federal Energy Law Affecting Marketing Considerations 625
15.1.3 Energy Values 628
15.1.4 Negotiating a Power Sales Contract 636
15.2 Marketing Recovered Materials; A Viewpoint of the Private Scrap Processor 643
Calvin Lieberman
15.2.1 Choices in Strategic Planning 643
15.2.2 Identifying and Evaluating Markets 644
15.2.3 Evaluating Raw Material Supply and Recovery Technologies 645
15.2.4 Evaluating Risks 648
15.2.5 Recovered Materials Quality/Salability 648
15.2.6 Disincentives in Resource Recovery 648
15.2.7 Engineering with Unpredictable Raw Material 649
15.2.8 Raw Material How Control: A Word of Caution 649
15.2.9 Markets for Recovered Materials: The Hard Facts 650
16 Energy from Refuse in Industrial Plants 653
William D. Robinson and Fred Rohr
16.1 Background 653
16.2 Industrial Wastes as Boiler Fuel 653
16.3 Industrial Incinerators 654
16.3.1 Background 654
16.3.2 The Early Los Angeles Excess Air Refractory Furnace 654
16.3.3 Controlled Air Designs 655
16.4 Energy Recovery Methods 660
16.4.1 Background 660
16.4.2 Utilization Choices: Steam Hot Water Hot Air KW 662
16.4.3 Boiler Types 663
16.5 Operating and Maintenance Factors 664
16.5.1 Waterside Tube Failure 664
16.5.2 Fireside lube Wastage 664
16.5.3 Refractory Linings 664
16.5.4 Stokers 665
16.5.5 Ram Feed 665
16.5.6 Ash Removal 665
16.5.7 Feedwater Treatment 666
16.6 Industrial Solid Waste Incineration 666
16.6.1 Concept Choices 666
16.7 Industry as the Purchaser of Refuse Energy 668
16.8 Industrial Cogeneration 668
16.8.1 Background 668
16.8.2 Technology and Systems 671
16.8.3 Regulatory Factors 672
16.8.4 Economic Factors 672
16.8.5 Operation and Maintenance Cost Factors 673
16.8.6 Operating Cost Summary 673
16.9 Conclusions 675
Appendix 16.1 Two 200 TPD Composite Plant Designs for a Starved Air System and for an Excess Air System 677
Case Histories 680
17 Residential Commercial and Industrial Bulky Wastes 697
William D. Robinson
17.1 Introduction 697
17.2 Nature of the Waste 697
17.2.1 Residential Bulky Waste 697
17.2.2 Commercial Bulky Waste 698
17.2.3 Industrial Bulky Waste 698
17.3 Present Disposal Status 698
17.3.1 Background 698
17.4 Bulky Waste Process Experience 700
17.4.1 Background 700
17.5 Bulky Waste Processing Case Histories 703
17.5.1 City of Harrisburg Pennsylvania 703
17.5.2 City of Chicago Illinois Goose Island 706
17.5.3 Resources Recovery (Dade County) Inc. Miami Florida 707
17.5.4 City of East Chicago Indiana 714
17.5.5 City of Omaha Nebraska Solid Waste Recycling Center 719
17.5.6 City of Glen Cove New York Codisposal/Energy Recovery Facility 721
17.5.7 City of Montreal Quebec Canada 725
17.5.8 City of Kyoto Japan 725
17.5.9 City of Ansonia Connecticut 728
17.5.10 City of Tacoma Washington 728
17.6 Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734
17.6.1 Background 734
17.6.2 Summary of Aborted Projects 734
17.6.3 Analysis of Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734
Appendix 17.1 Omaha Shredder Product Screen Analysis and Noise Level Survey 735
18 Refuse Fuels in the Portland Cement Industry (Including Tires and Shredder Residue) 737
David Watson Heinrich Matthee and William D Robinson
18.1 Experience in England 737
18.1.1 Refuse versus Other Fuels—Technical Factors 737
18.1.2 Development of Blue Circle’s Interest 738
18.1.3 Resumé of Blue Circle’s Experience 741
18.1.4 Current Developments 741
18.1.5 Questions and Answers 742
18.2 Experience in West Germany 743
18.2.1 Background: Tires 743
18.2.2 Miscellaneous Shredder Wastes 744
18.2.3 Auto Shredder Wastes 745
18.2.4 Asphaltic Sludge 746
18.3 Experience in North America 746
18.3.1 Background 746
18.3.2 Factors in a Discouraging Outlook 747
18.3.3 Scrapped Auto Shredding Residues 747
18.3.4 Conclusion 748
19 Biological Processes 749
Donald K. Walter James L. Easterly and Elizabeth C. Saris
19.1 Background 749
19.2 Anaerobic Digestion 750
19.2.1 Introduction 750
19.2.2 Basic Processes 750
19.2.3 Feedstocks 750
19.2.4 Products 751
19.2.5 Reactor Types 751
19.2.6 Design Parameters 753
19.3 Fermentation Processes 753
19.3.1 Background 753
19.3.2 Basic Processes 754
19.3.3 Feedstocks 754
19.3.4 Products 754
19.3.5 Design Parameters 755
19.4 Compost 755
19.4.1 Background 755
19.4.2 Basic Process 755
19.4.3 Process Description 755
19.4.4 Feedstocks 756
19.4.5 Products 756
19.4.6 Design Parameters 756
19.4.7 Reactor Types 757
19.5 Applications and Economics 757
19.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion 757
19.5.2 Fermentation 758
19.5.3 Composting 758
19.6 Case Histories 759
19.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion 759
19.6.2 Compost 761
Appendix 19.1 Biomass as Fuel tor Electric Generation: Planned and Existing Projects in the United States 763
Part 3 Hazardous Solid Wastes
20 Federal Regulatory Issues 773
William L. Kovacs
20.1 Introduction 773
20.2 History of the Federal Hazardous Waste Regulatory Program 773
20.2.1 Past Practices 773
20.2.2 Intent and Development of RCRA Congressional Debate 774
20.3 The Act—Its Organization Scope and Contents 775
20.3.1 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes 775
20.3.2 Requirements Imposed On Generators of Hazardous Waste 775
20.3.3 Requirements Imposed on Transporters of Hazardous Waste 775
20.3.4 Requirements Regulating Those Who Treat Store or Dispose of Hazardous Waste 776
20.3.5 Permit Authority 776
20.3.6 Authorized State Programs 777
20.3.7 Enforcement of RCRA 777
20.3.8 The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 778
20.4 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations under RCRA 780
20.4.1 40 C.F.R. Part 260 General Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management 780
20.4.2 40 C.F.R. Part 261 Regulations Identifying Hazardous Waste 780
20.4.3 40 C.F.R. Part 262 Requirements upon Generators of Hazardous Waste 782
20.4.4 40 C.F.R. Part 263 Requirements upon Transporters of Hazardous Waste 783
20.4.5 40 C.F.R. Part 264 Requirements upon Owners and Operators of Permitted Hazardous Waste Facilities 783
20.4.6 40 C.F.R. Part 265 Interim Status Standards 789
20.4.7 40 C.F.R. Part 267 Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New Hazardous Waste I .and Disposal Facilities 789
20.4.8 Interface of RCRA Regulations with State Programs (Part 271 Regulations) 790
20.5 EPA Its Organization and Regional Offices 791
20.6 EPA’s Permitting Procedures 791
20.6.1 The Permit Application 791
20.7 EPA’s Inspection Authority Reporting Requirements and Enforcement 792
20.7.1 Inspections 792
20.7.2 Reporting Requirements 792
20.7.3 Enforcement 793
20.8 The Superfund Program 793
20.8.1 Key Superfund Provisions and the Agencies that Implement It 793
20.8.2 The Relationship of Superfund to RCRA 794
20.9 Current Changes and Future Federal Role 795
20.9.1 Changes by the Reagan Administration 795
20.9.2 Future RCRA Regulatory Program 796
20.9.3 Future Superfund Program 796
20.10 Summary 796
21 State and Local Regulatory Issues 799
James Reynolds and H. Lanier Hickman Jr.
21.1 Introduction 799
21.2 State Program Development 799
21.2.1 Life before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 799
21.2.2 Standardization 800
21.2.3 Effects of RCRA 800
21.3 Policy Issues of Concern to Local Government 801
21.3.1 Introduction 801
21.3.2 Facility Siting 801
21.3.3 Economic Impact on Industry 801
21.3.4 The Exempted (Small) Generator 802
21.3.5 Closed and Abandoned Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites and Orphaned Hazardous Wastes 802
21.3.6 Emergency Response and Contingency Plans 802
21.3.7 Summary 803
Index 805
William D. Robinson is the editor of The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide, published by Wiley.
PUBLISHER:
Wiley
ISBN-13:
9780471877110
BINDING:
Hardback
BISAC:
Technology & Engineering
BOOK DIMENSIONS:
Dimensions: 161.00(W) x Dimensions: 246.00(H) x Dimensions: 58.60(D)
AUDIENCE TYPE:
General/Adult
LANGUAGE:
English