The Anthropology of Evil

Evil may be said to be shadowy, mysterious, covert, and associated with night, darkness, secrecy. It is a force acting to destroy the integrity, happiness and welfare of 'normal' society. It is at once the cause and the explanation of misfortune, of the wretchedness of human existence, and of our own individual wrongdoing. That, at any rate, is substantially the western Christianity (and pre-Christian) view.

Yet the different societies have opted for very different sets of explanations, which have themselves evolved in radically contrasting ways. There are societies, for example, in which there is no concept of evil. The Anthropology of Evil discusses the problem in the context of different societies and religions- Christian , Confucian, Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim for example. It also provides unusual perspectives on questions such as the nature of innocence, the root of evil, the notion of individual malevolence and even whether God is evil.

Much has bee written on evil, notably by historians, theologians and philosophers but very little by anthropologists: this book shows how distinctive and revealing their contribution can be.

Preface iv

1 Introduction 1

2 Theological thoughts about evil 26

3 Unruly evil 42

4 The root of all evil 57

5 The seed of evil within 77

6 Confucian confusion: the good, the bad and the noodle western 92

7 The popular culture of evil in urban south India 110

8 Buddhism and evil 128

9 Hindu evil as unconquered Lower Self 142
10 Is God evil? 165

11 Good, evil and spiritual power: reflections on Sufi teachings 194

12 Do the Fipa have a word for it? 209

13 Entitling evil: Muslims and non-Muslims in coastal Kenya 224

14 There is no end of evil: the guilty innocents and their fallible god 244

Notes on Contributors 279

Index 281

David Parkin is Emeritus Professor at Oxford University and Honorary Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies. He has carried out a number of years' fieldwork among different peoples and in different ecologies: the Luo of western Kenya, the Giriama of eastern Kenya, and Swahili-speakers in Zanzibar and Mombasa on Islam, cultural politics, healing?and?cross-cultural semantics. Parkin is former chairman of the International African Institute and of the Association of Social Anthropologists, elected fellow of the British Academy, and since 2009 has been research professor at the Max Planck Institute for Religious and Ethnic Diversity in Goettingen, Germany, focusing on medical and sociolinguistic processes of diversification. Evil may be said to be shadowy, mysterious, covert, and associated with night, darkness, secrecy. It is a force acting to destroy the integrity, happiness and welfare of 'normal' society. It is at once the cause and the explanation of misfortune, of the wretchedness of human existence, and of our own individual wrongdoing. That, at any rate, is substantially the western Christianity (and pre-Christian) view.

Yet the different societies have opted for very different sets of explanations, which have themselves evolved in radically contrasting ways. There are societies, for example, in which there is no concept of evil. The Anthropology of Evil discusses the problem in the context of different societies and religions- Christian , Confucian, Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim for example. It also provides unusual perspectives on questions such as the nature of innocence, the root of evil, the notion of individual malevolence and even whether God is evil.

Much has bee written on evil, notably by historians, theologians and philosophers but very little by anthropologists: this book shows how distinctive and revealing their contribution can be.