Fundamentals of Turbomachinery
Description
An accessible and up-to-date discussion of foundational turbomachine technology
In the newly revised second edition of Fundamentals of Turbomachinery: Theory and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an accessible introduction to turbomachinery, taking readers from a foundational understanding of the subject to application-ready knowledge.
The book explores basic and advanced turbomachinery technologies, including fans, blowers, and compressors, as well as gas turbines, steam turbines, hydro turbines, wind turbines, and hybrid power generation, among others. The book also covers emerging technologies in the field, such as simulation technologies, computer-assisted design, security issues, and the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technology.
Readers will also find:
- A straightforward introduction to turbomachinery that equips students to select turbomachines in practice confidently
- Comprehensive explorations of hybrid power generation, including coverage of contemporary energy capture and storage technology
- Practical discussions of hydroelectric turbines, including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
- Complete treatments of radial, mixed-flow, and axial flow pumps and compressors
Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in turbomachinery, Fundamentals of TurboÂmachinery: Theory and Applications will also benefit technical engineers, practicing researchers, and students at technical and junior colleges.
Preface xv
Symbols xvii
About the Companion Website xx
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition 1
1.2 Types of Turbomachines 1
1.3 Applications of Turbomachines 3
1.4 Performance Characteristics 5
1.5 Method of Analysis 7
1.6 Historical Evolution of Turbomachines 10
1.6.1 Hydraulic Pump 10
1.6.2 Blower/Compressor 10
1.6.3 Gas/Steam Turbines 10
1.6.4 Hydraulic Turbines 12
1.6.5 Wind Turbine 12
1.7 Organization of the Book 12
References 14
2 Basic Theories 15
2.1 Similitude 15
2.1.1 Dimensions and Dimensional Homogeneity 15
2.1.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 16
2.1.2.1 Case 1 17
2.1.2.2 Case 2 18
2.1.2.3 Case 3 19
2.1.2.4 Case 4 20
2.1.2.5 Case 5 20
2.1.3 Other Nondimensional Parameters for Turbomachines 21
2.1.4 Similarity Laws 23
2.2 Energy Transfer in Turbomachines 27
2.2.1 Review of Fluid Mechanics Related to Turbomachinery 27
2.2.1.1 Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation) 28
2.2.1.2 Conservation of Momentum (Momentum Equation) 28
2.2.1.3 Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics) 28
2.2.1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 28
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
viii Contents
2.2.1.5 Typical Flow Types in Turbomachines 29
2.2.2 Energy in Flowing Fluids 31
2.2.3 Euler Equation 32
2.2.4 Equations for Axial-Flow Machines 35
2.2.5 Equations for Mixed- and Radial-Flow Machines 37
2.2.6 Degree of Reaction 40
References 44
Problems 45
3 Pumps 49
3.1 Centrifugal Pumps 49
3.1.1 Basic Working Principles 49
3.1.2 Performance Characteristics 54
3.1.3 Cavitation 57
3.1.4 Performance Modifications 60
3.1.4.1 Effects of Viscosity 60
3.1.4.2 Effects of Solid Particles 60
3.1.4.3 Effects of Gaseous Bubbles 60
3.1.4.4 Effects of Fluid Properties on Cavitation 63
3.1.5 Preliminary Design Procedure 65
3.1.5.1 Impeller Type 65
3.1.5.2 Inlet Configuration 65
3.1.5.3 Outlet Configuration 66
3.1.5.4 Blade Profile 67
3.1.5.5 Diffuser and Volute 68
3.1.5.6 Determination of Shaft Power 70
3.1.6 Pump Performance Tests 73
3.1.7 Pumping Systems 77
3.1.7.1 Stability of Pumping System 78
3.1.8 Pump Applications 82
3.1.8.1 Variable-Speed Pumps 84
3.1.9 Pump Selection 85
3.2 Axial-Flow Pumps and Fans 88
3.2.1 Introduction 88
3.2.2 Flow Over Isolated Airfoil 89
3.2.3 Axial-Flow Cascade 94
3.2.4 Preliminary Design Procedure 96
3.2.4.1 Diffusion Casing 100
3.2.5 Three-Dimensional Flow Effects: Radial Equilibrium Requirement 101
3.2.6 Fan Test 103
3.2.7 Fan Application 106
3.2.8 Fans and Systems 109
3.2.8.1 FanâSystem Interaction (System Effect Factor) 109
3.2.8.2 Element System Effects 111
3.2.9 Fan Selection 113
3.2.10 Propellers 119
References 120
Problems 122
Contents ix
4 Compressors 127
4.1 Centrifugal Fans, Blowers, and Compressors 127
4.1.1 Introduction 127
4.1.2 Performance Parameters and Characteristics 128
4.1.3 Change of Performance 135
4.1.3.1 Change of Rotating Speed and Diameter 135
4.1.3.2 Inlet Condition Changes with Constant Rotating Speed 136
4.1.3.3 Summary 137
4.1.4 Polytropic Efficiency 139
4.1.5 Preliminary Design of Centrifugal Fans 141
4.1.5.1 Inlet Configuration 141
4.1.5.2 Outlet Configuration 143
4.1.5.3 Blade Profile 143
4.1.5.4 Cross-Flow Fan 144
4.1.6 Preliminary Design of Centrifugal Compressors 146
4.1.6.1 Impeller Inlet Configuration 146
4.1.6.2 Impeller Discharge Configuration 148
4.1.6.3 Diffuser 149
4.1.6.4 Volute 150
4.1.7 Application of Centrifugal Compressors 152
4.1.7.1 Intercooling 155
4.1.7.2 Application in Refrigeration Systems 156
4.1.8 Selection of Compressors 156
4.1.9 Design of Centrifugal Compressor 160
4.1.9.1 Impeller Design 160
4.1.9.2 Impeller Design Process 162
4.1.9.3 Diffuser Design 162
4.1.9.4 Closing Remarks 163
4.1.10 Impeller Design for Centrifugal Compressors 163
4.1.10.1 Importance of Impeller Design 163
4.1.10.2 Impeller Design 164
4.1.10.3 Concluding Remarks 167
4.1.11 Tong Volute Design for a Centrifugal Compressor 167
4.1.11.1 Importance of Tong Volume Design 167
4.1.11.2 Volute Design 168
4.1.11.3 Volute Testing Results 169
4.1.12 Conclusions 173
4.2 Axial-Flow Compressors 173
4.2.1 Introduction 173
4.2.2 Basic Theory 174
4.2.3 Preliminary Design of Compressor Stage 179
4.2.4 Determination of Stage Efficiency 183
4.2.5 Effects of Compressibility and Shock Waves 183
4.2.6 Axial-Flow Compressor Stage Performance 185
4.2.7 Surge and Stall in Compressor and Remedies 187
4.2.7.1 Twin-Spool Compressor 187
4.2.7.2 Variable-Geometry Compressor 188
x Contents
References 189
Problems 191
5 Gas Turbines 195
5.1 Introduction 195
5.2 Radial-Inflow Gas Turbine 196
5.3 Thermodynamic Processes in Radial-Inflow Gas Turbine 199
5.4 Thermodynamics of Axial-Flow Turbine 202
5.5 Degree of Reaction 204
5.6 Preliminary Design Procedure for Turbine Stage 207
5.7 Determination of Turbine Stage Efficiency 209
5.8 Axial-Flow Turbine Performance 210
5.9 Compressor and Turbine Matching 214
5.9.1 Component Characteristics 215
5.9.2 Off-Design Operation of Single-Shaft Gas Turbine 215
5.10 Other Topics Related to Gas Turbine Engine 218
5.10.1 Combustion Chamber (Combustor) 218
5.10.2 Control of Emission Pollutants 219
5.11 Applications of Gas Turbine Engines 221
5.12 Manufacturing Challenges on High-Temperature Gas Turbine Components 225
5.12.1 Gas Turbine Cooling Technologies 225
5.12.1.1 Necessity of Innovative Gas Turbine Cooling Techniques 227
5.12.2 Different Turbine Blade Cooling Cases 229
5.12.2.1 Summary 235
5.12.3 Active Cooling of Turbine Components 235
5.12.3.1 Active Cooling 235
5.12.3.2 Hot Gas Path Heat Transfer Characteristics 237
5.12.3.3 Active Cooling of the Gas Turbine Components in the Gas Path 239
5.12.3.4 Impingement Cooling 240
5.12.3.5 Pin Fin Cooling 240
5.12.3.6 Channel Cooling Techniques 240
5.12.3.7 External Heat Transfer 240
5.12.3.8 Concluding Remarks 241
5.12.4 Heat Transfer for Sustainable Energy Systems 241
5.12.4.1 Introduction 241
5.12.4.2 Reduction of Energy Consumption 242
5.12.4.3 Improved Efficiency of Energy Conversion 244
5.12.4.4 Use of Renewable Energy 247
5.12.4.5 Reduction of Emission and Pollutants 248
5.12.4.6 Conclusions 248
References 249
Problems 253
6 Steam Turbines 255
6.1 Introduction 255
6.2 Velocity-Compounded Stage 256
6.3 Classification of Steam Turbines 259
Contents xi
6.4 Steam Turbine Parameters and Performance 261
6.4.1 Part-Load Operation 263
6.5 Cogeneration and Combined-Cycle Plants 266
References 269
Problems 269
7 Hydraulic Turbines 271
7.1 Introduction 271
7.1.1 Introduction to Hydropower 271
7.1.2 Types of Hydraulic Turbines 273
7.1.3 Selection of Hydraulic Turbines 275
7.1.4 Hydraulic Turbine Performance Characteristics 280
7.2 Pelton Turbines 283
7.3 Francis Turbines 285
7.4 Kaplan Turbines 289
7.4.1 Design and Performance 289
7.4.1.1 Introduction 289
7.4.1.2 Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 289
7.4.2 Rim-Drive Design 294
7.4.2.1 Introduction 294
7.4.2.2 Methodology 296
References 299
Problems 301
8 Wind Turbines 305
8.1 Introduction to Wind Power 305
8.2 Actuator Theory 307
8.3 Types of Wind Turbines 308
8.4 Wind Turbine Characteristics and Preliminary Design Analysis 310
8.5 Variable-Speed Performance of Wind Turbines 316
8.6 Wind Turbine Applications 318
8.6.1 Grid-Intertie System 318
8.6.2 Hybrid Power System 318
8.6.3 Pumping and Irrigation Systems 318
8.6.4 Other Systems 318
8.7 Icing Problem 319
8.7.1 Cold Climate 319
8.7.2 Low-temperature Climate 320
8.7.3 Icing Climate 320
8.7.4 Effects of Icing on Wind Energy 321
8.7.5 Ice Accretion 322
8.7.5.1 The Collision Coefficient, đŒ1 322
8.7.5.2 The Sticking Coefficient, đŒ2 323
8.7.5.3 The Accretion Coefficient, đŒ3 324
8.7.5.4 Limitations of the Model 325
8.7.6 Conclusions 326
References 326
Problems 327
xii Contents
9 Artificial Intelligence as a New Frontier in Turbomachinery Design and Applications 329
9.1 Introduction 329
9.2 Machine Learning 330
9.3 Data Governance 334
9.3.1 ValidationâValidation Data Repository 335
9.3.2 Conceptual DesignâConceptual Design Repository (CnDR) 335
9.3.3 Comprehensive Design Repository (CpDR) 336
9.4 Revolutionizing Turbomachinery with Machine Learning 338
9.4.1 Integrated Optimization of Materials and Component Performance 339
9.5 Conclusions 340
References 342
Problems 346
10 Computational Fluid Dynamics in Turbomachinery 347
10.1 Introduction 347
10.2 CFD Application Advances in Turbomachinery 347
10.3 Fundamentals of CFD Methodologies in Turbomachinery 348
10.3.1 Preprocessing 348
10.3.2 Physics Solver 349
10.3.3 Post-Processing 352
10.4 Applications of CFD in Turbomachinery Design and Analysis 352
10.4.1 Wind Turbine 352
10.4.2 Hydro-Turbine 357
10.4.3 Gas-Turbine Blade Cooling 360
References 362
Problems 363
A Review on Thermodynamics and Compressible Flow 365
A.1 Thermodynamic Properties 365
A.2 Thermodynamic Processes 365
A.3 Other Thermoflow Properties 368
A.4 Adiabatic Efficiencies of Flow Components 369
A.4.1 Diffuser 369
A.4.2 Nozzle 370
A.4.3 Compressor and Turbine 370
A.5 Thermodynamic Cycles 372
A.6 Thermodynamic Cycles of Gas Turbine Engines 372
A.6.1 Aircraft Propulsion 377
A.7 Rankine Cycles with Vapor 380
A.8 Compressible Flow Through a Channel 381
A.8.1 Convergent Nozzle 383
A.8.2 Convergent-Divergent Nozzle 383
A.9 Normal Shock Waves 385
A.9.1 Stationary Normal Shock Waves 385
A.9.2 Moving Shock Waves 388
A.10 Oblique Shock Waves 388
Contents xiii
B Airfoil Characteristics 393
B.1 Flow Over Objects 393
B.2 Airfoil Geometry 394
B.3 NACA Airfoil Specifications 394
C Conversion Factors and Some Constants 399
D Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Water, Superheated Steam, and CO2 at STP
(14.7 psia, 60 âF) 401
E Internal Diameter of Standard Pipe of Schedule 40 403
Index 405
Ryoichi S. Amano, PhD, is an expert in turbomachinery and current energy technologies. He is the Director of the US Department of Energy funded Industrial Assessment Center for a leading institution covering the US Midwest Region. He is the Chief Editor for the International Journal of Rotating Machinery (Wiley). He also served as an associate editor for the ASME TransâJournal of Energy Resources Technology and the Journal of Fluids Engineering. Dr. Amanoâs research achievements have been recognized through prestigious international awards, such as the AIAA Energy Systems Award, the ASME George Westinghouse Gold Medal, and the ASME Henry R. Worthington Medal. Dr. Amano is currently a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, a Fellow of ASME, a Fellow of ISEES, and a member of several other organizations. Dr. Amano has published four books and over 250 journal articles.
William W. Peng was a professor emeritus of mechanical engineering at California State University, Fresno. He obtained a BSME degree from National Taiwan University in 1965, an MS and a PhD in Aeronautics & Astronautics from Stanford University in 1968, and a PhD in Aeronautics & Astronautics from Stanford University in 1973. After working for eight years in the private industry, both as a turbomachine manufacturer and user, he began his academic career at Texas A&M University in 1981. Then he moved to California State University in 1984, where he taught the senior turbomachinery and graduate gas turbine classes. He had extensive experience in the design and application of centrifugal pumps and fans/blowers, gained through his regular job and consulting work with various industries.
An accessible and up-to-date discussion of foundational turbomachine technology
In the newly revised second edition of Fundamentals of Turbomachinery: Theory and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an accessible introduction to turbomachinery, taking readers from a foundational understanding of the subject to application-ready knowledge.
The book explores basic and advanced turbomachinery technologies, including fans, blowers, and compressors, as well as gas turbines, steam turbines, hydro turbines, wind turbines, and hybrid power generation, among others. The book also covers emerging technologies in the field, such as simulation technologies, computer-assisted design, security issues, and the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technology.
Readers will also find:
- A straightforward introduction to turbomachinery that equips students to select turbomachines in practice confidently
- Comprehensive explorations of hybrid power generation, including coverage of contemporary energy capture and storage technology
- Practical discussions of hydroelectric turbines, including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
- Complete treatments of radial, mixed-flow, and axial flow pumps and compressors
Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in turbomachinery, Fundamentals of TurboÂmachinery: Theory and Applications will also benefit technical engineers, practicing researchers, and students at technical and junior colleges.
PUBLISHER:
Wiley
ISBN-13:
9781394273546
BINDING:
Hardback
BISAC:
Technology & Engineering
AUDIENCE TYPE:
General/Adult
LANGUAGE:
English