Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces and Biointerfaces

This book bridges three different fields: nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental sciences. It starts with fundamental electrostatics at interfaces and includes a detailed description of fundamental theories dealing with electrical double layers around a charged particle, electrokinetics, and electrical double layer interaction between charged particles. The stated fundamentals are provided as the underpinnings of sections two, three, and four, which address electrokinetic phenomena that occur in nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental science. Applications in nanomaterials, fuel cells, electronic materials, biomaterials, stems cells, microbiology, water purificiaion, and humic substances are discussed. PREFACE xi

CONTRIBUTORS xiii

PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1

1 Potential and Charge of a Hard Particle and a Soft Particle 3
Hiroyuki Ohshima

2 Electrostatic Interaction between Two Colloidal Particles 17
Hiroyuki Ohshima

3 The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) Theory of Colloid Stability 27
Hiroyuki Ohshima

4 Electrophoretic Mobility of Charged Particles 35
Hiroyuki Ohshima

5 Electrophoretic Mobility of Gold Nanoparticles 51
Kimiko Makino and Hiroyuki Ohshima

6 Electrophoresis of Soft Particles in a Confined Space 61
Li-Hsien Yeh and Jyh-Ping Hsu

7 Surface Conductivity 95
Stanislav S. Dukhin, Ralf Zimmermann, and Carsten Werner

8 Computer Simulations of Charged Colloids 127

1. Mesoscopic Modeling
Yasuya Nakayama, Kang Kim, and Ryoichi Yamamoto

9 Computer Simulations of Charged Colloids 141

2. Electrophoresis and Sedimentation
Kang Kim, Yasuya Nakayama, and Ryoichi Yamamoto

10 Electrostatic and Steric Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions 153
Tharwat Tadros

11 Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Particles 173
Motoyoshi Kobayashi

12 Electroacoustic Theories and Measurement Techniques 193
Shin-Ichi Takeda

13 Colloid Vibration Potential and Ion Vibration Potential in Surfactant Solutions 209
Youichi Takata and Hiroyuki Ohshima

14 Interfacial Tension of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions: Ion-Free Layer 223
Youichi Takata and Hiroyuki Ohshima

PART II APPLICATIONS IN NANO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 241

15 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy on Electrode Polarization and Its Scaling 243
Anatoli Serghei, Joshua R. Sangoro, and Friedrich Kremer

16 Layer-by-Layer Assembly on Stimuli-Responsive Microgels 275
John Erik Wong and Walter Richtering

17 Dynamics of Polymers and Polyelectrolytes at Colloidal Interface and Subsequent Flocculation 299
Yasuhisa Adachi

18 Colloidal Particle Processing Using Heterocoagulation 315
Hiroshi Sasaki, Chiharu Tokoro, and Hiroshi Hayashi

19 Electrokinetic Coupling in Colloidal Arrays Formed under AC Electric Fields 331
Satoshi Nishimura

20 Size Distribution Measurements of Fine Particles Using Their Pearl Chain Formations under a DC Electric Field 351
Akira Otsuki, Gjergi Dodbiba, and Toyohisa Fujita

21 Analysis of Functional Groups at Buried Liquid/Solid Interfaces Utilizing Polarization Modulation Infrared External Reflection Spectroscopy 361
Hiroharu Yui

22 Fabrication of Liquid Crystal Displays Containing Capped Nanoparticles and Their Electro-optic Properties 373
Yukihide Shiraishi, Naoto Nishida, and Naoki Toshima

23 Fabrication of Ordered Nanopattern Structures Using Two-Dimensional Colloidal Monolayers 391
Takeshi Kawai

24 Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Other Carbon Nanomaterials 407
Kiyofumi Yamagiwa and Jun Kuwano

25 Oxide Cathode Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells 423
Morihiro Saito and Jun Kuwano

26 Dynamics and Structure of Water Nanotube Clusters Confined to Nanoporous Molecular Crystals 441
Makoto Tadokoro

27 Surface Electrochemistry of Electrospun Nanofi bers 469
Hidetoshi Matsumoto and Akihiko Tanioka

28 Shave-Off Profiling as a Nanoscale 3-D Element Imaging Technique 481
Masashi Nojima

29 Interfacial Charge Storage of Manganese Oxide Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors 491
Shinichi Komaba, Naoaki Yabuuchi, and Tomoya Tsuchikawa

30 Surface Functionalization of Diamond Electrodes 509
Takeshi Kondo

31 Quantum Electrochemical Study of Benzene Derivatives 527

1. Electronic Structure and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Aspirin and Paracetamol
Kazunaka Endo

32 Quantum Electrochemical Study of Benzene Derivatives 541

2. Analysis of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of Electrochemically Prepared Polyaniline by DFT Calculations Using Model Molecules
Kazunaka Endo

33 Synthesis and Solution Properties of Fluorocarbon–Hydrocarbon Hybrid Surfactants 555
Yukishige Kondo

34 Electrochemical Dynamic Control of Self-Assemblies Formed by Redox-Active Surfactants 567
Koji Tsuchiya, Hirofumi Yajima, Hideki Sakai, and Masahiko Abe

35 Photoinduced Manipulation of Self-Organized Nanostructure of Block Copolymers 583
Kunihiko Okano and Takashi Yamashita

36 Applications of Electrical Phenomena in Membranes and Membrane Separation Processes 599
Kazuho Nakamura

PART III APPLICATIONS IN BIOSCIENCES 617

37 Dielectric Dispersion in Colloidal Systems: Applications in the Biological Sciences 619
María Luisa Jiménez, Silvia Ahualli, Raúl A. Rica, and Ángel V. Delgado

38 Electrokinetic Methods in Biological Interfaces: Possibilities and Limitations 645
Ángel V. Delgado, Julián López-Viota, and Fernando González-Caballero

39 Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Fusion 673
Shinpei Ohki and Klaus Arnold

40 Drug Delivery System 709
Kimiko Makino

41 On-Chip Cell Electrophoresis and Evaluating Cellular Functions 725
Takanori Akagi and Takanori Ichiki

42 Surface Characteristics and Attachment Behaviors of Bacterial Cells 737
Hisao Morisaki

43 Design and Fabrication of Sterically Stabilized Liposomes Dispersed in Aqueous Solutions by Utilizing Electrostatic Interactions for Use in Biomedical Applications 755
Katsumi Uchida and Hirofumi Yajima

44 Cell Regulation through Membrane Rafts/Caveolae 767
Yohei Saito, Toshiyuki Owaki, and Fumio Fukai

45 Oxidoreductases: Asymmetric Reduction Using Photosynthetic Organisms 783
Tetsuo Takemura and Kaoru Nakamura

46 Surface Organization of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (PEG)-Based Block Copolymers for Biomedical Applications 801
Hidenori Otsuka

47 PEGylated Nanoparticles for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications 815
Hidenori Otsuka

INDEX 839

Hiroyuki Ohshima is a Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the Tokyo University of Science, Japan. He is the author or coauthor of seven books and over 300 book chapters and journal publications reflecting his research interests in colloid and interfacial sciences, as well as biophysical chemistry. Dr. Ohshima has conducted research at the University of Melbourne, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the University of Utah. He currently edits two journals, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces and Colloid and Polymer Science.

The first book to provide the tools you need to understand interfacial chemical interactions

Bridging three different fields: nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental science, Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces and Biointerfaces is the first book to present and explain the tools for understanding and analyzing the phenomena that take place at phase boundaries.

Beginning with a discussion of the fundamental electrostatic occurrences at interfaces, the book provides detailed descriptions of the central theories on electrical double-layer interactions around and between charged particles, as well as electrokinetics and other topical subjects. Later sections address a range of electrokinetic phenomena, as well as the application of colloid and interface theories in nanomaterials, fuel cells, electronic materials, biomaterials, stems cells, microbiology, water purification, and elsewhere. In addition, the book explores new, emerging concepts of "soft particles" and "soft interfaces," which serve as models for biological colloids and humic substances.

Designed for use by physical, surface, and colloid chemists, chemical engineers, bioscientists, and experts working in related fields such as materials sciences, the book is an invaluable resource for professionals working in academia and industry alike.