Clinical Psychology

The first book to offer a truly global perspective on the theory and practice of clinical psychology

While clinical psychology is practiced the world over, up to now there has been no text devoted to examining it within a global context. The first book of its kind, Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective brings together contributions from clinicians and scholars around the world to share their insights and observations on the theory and practice of clinical psychology.

Due partly to language barriers and entrenched cultural biases, there is little cultural cross-pollination within the field of clinical psychology. In fact, most of the popular texts were written for English-speaking European and Anglo-American audiences and translated for other countries. As a result, most psychologists are unaware of how their profession is conceptualized and practiced in different regions, or how their own practices can be enriched by knowledge of the theories and modalities predominant among colleagues in other parts of the world. This book represents an important first step toward rectifying that state of affairs.

• Explores key differences and similarities in how clinical psychology is conceptualized and practiced with children, adolescents and adults across different countries and cultures
• Addresses essential research methods, clinical interviews, psychometric testing, neuropsychological assessments, and dominant treatment modalities
• Follows a consistent format with each chapter focusing on a specific area of the practice of clinical psychology while integrating cultural issues within the discussion
• Includes coverage of how to adapt one’s practice to the differing cultures of individual clients, and how to work in multidisciplinary teams within a global context

Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective is a valuable resource for students, trainees, and practicing psychologists, especially those who work with ethnic minority groups or with interpreters. It is also a must-read for practitioners who are considering working internationally.

Notes on Contributors xv

Preface xxiii

1 Research Methods 1
Julian A. Rubel and Wolfgang Lutz

Introduction 1

Research on the Frequency, Cause, and Prevention of Psychological Problems, and Disorders 1

Evaluating Clinical Interventions and Treatments 3

Summary 12

2 Classification Systems across the Globe 15
Jan Christopher Cwik and Jürgen Margraf

Introduction 15

Classification Systems in Western Cultures 16

The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD) 17

Classification Systems in Non-Western Cultures 19

Specific Classification Systems 22

3 Clinical Interviewing with Adults 29
Christopher C. Conway, Michelle L. Bourgeois, and Timothy A. Brown

Introduction 29

Goals of the Clinical Interview 29

Elements of the Clinical Interview 30

Interviewing Techniques 35

Reliability and Validity of Interviews 36

Integrating Cultural Context in Interviews 38

Actuarial Judgment 38

Functional Analysis 39

Differential Diagnosis 40

Summary 40

4 Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 43
Eva Charlotte Merten and Silvia Schneider

Introduction 43

Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 45

Implementation of Clinical Interviews 51

Difficulties in Daily Practice 56

Everything Perfect? How Often are Structured Interviews used in Clinical Practice? 58

Summary 59

5 Psychological Tests 65
Robert J. Craig

Introduction 65

Principles and Properties of Psychological Tests 66

Types of Psychological Tests 66

Objective Personality Tests 67

Projective Clinical Assessment Instruments 73

Computer Test Interpretation 74

Recent Challenges 75

6 A Global Perspective on Neuropsychological Assessment 81
Rachel N. Casas, Matthew Calamia, and Daniel Tranel

Introduction 81

Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment 83

Classification of Behavior and Cognition in Neuropsychological Assessment 85

Neuropsychological Assessment: Approaches and Methods 87

Critical Considerations for Neuropsychological Assessment in a Global Society 89

Interpretation of Neuropsychological Assessment Results 91

Feedback and Recommendations 93

Future Directions for Neuropsychological Assessment: A Global Perspective 94

7 Culturally Informed Neuropsychological Assessment 99
Rosemary Toomey

Introduction 99

The Field of Clinical Neuropsychology 99

Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment 100

Crosscultural Considerations in Clinical Neuropsychology 105

Are Nonverbal Tests Culture Free? 106

Bilingualism 106

Translating Tests 107

Literacy 107

Norming by Race or Country 108

Acculturation 108

Interaction of Different Subject Characteristics 109

Child Neuropsychology 109

Reading Disorder: A Lens through which to View Crosscultural Issues 109

Clinical Case Study 111

Summary 113

8 Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 119
Thomas H. Ollendick, Peter Muris, and Cecilia A. Essau

Introduction 119

Defining Evidence-Based Treatments 120

Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 121

Conclusions 128

9 Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 135
Amie E. GrillsandMelissa K. Holt

Neurodevelopmental Disorders 136

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 142

Summary 145

10 Mood Disorders 153
Ulrich Stangier and Elisabeth A. Arens

Symptomatology and Classification of Mood Disorders 153

Epidemiology 156

Assessment 157

Treatment 158

Conclusions 166

11 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173
Kirstyn L. Krause and Martin M. Antony

Treatment of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173

Overview of Anxiety and OC-related Disorders 173

Treatment of Anxiety and OC-Related Disorders 177

Cultural Considerations in Treatment 184

Summary 185

12 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 191
Richard A. Bryant

Definition 191

Prevalence of PTSD 193

The Course of PTSD 193

Comorbidity 194

Theoretical Models of PTSD 194

Risk Factors 195

Treating PTSD 197

Early Intervention for PTSD 198

Complex PTSD 199

Conclusions 200

13 Eating Disorders 209
Brunna Tuschen-Caffier and Jennifer Svaldi

Psychopathology of Eating Disorders 209

Assessment 212

Development, First Onset and Maintenance Factors 213

Treatment 215

Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 220

14 Sexual Dysfunctions 225
Pedro J. Nobre

Introduction 225

Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions 225

Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions 226

Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction 227

Psychological Factors and Sexual Dysfunction 228

Psychological Models of Sexual Dysfunction 230

Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction 231

Brief Summary 235

15 Couple Distress 243
Mehmet Zihni Sungur

Introduction 243

What are the Processes that Differentiate Functional Couples from Dysfunctional Ones? 244

Assessment of the Couples 245

Goal Setting in Couple Therapy 246

Couple Therapy: Strategies and Techniques 247

Difficulties with Promoting Change: Difficulties Encountered during Couple Therapy Practice 247

Treatment Issues: Couple Therapy 249

Treatment Approaches for Intervention 249

Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Approaches 251

Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) 253

Behavioral Systems Approach to Couple Problems 253

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) 254

Strategic Approaches and Brief Strategic Couple Therapy (BSCT) 255

Solution-Focused Approaches and Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT) 255

Psychoanalytical Approaches 256

16 Somatic Symptom Disorders 261
Maria Kleinstäuber and Winfried Rief

Introduction 261

Classifying and Diagnosing SSRD 262

Classifying Specific Functional Somatic Syndromes 266

Specific Cultural Syndromes of Distress 267

Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions for SSRD 267

Other Psychological Interventions for SSRD 273

Empirical Evidence for Psychological Interventions in SSRD 274

Transcultural Aspects in Psychological Interventions for SSRD 276

Summary and Conclusion 276

17 Psychotic Disorders 283
Tania Lincoln

Introduction 283

Description of the Disorder 283

Etiology 287

Assessment 291

Pharmacological Treatment 291

Psychological Interventions 293

Family Behavioral Interventions 299

Other Psychological Approaches and their Effectiveness 301

Summary and Outlook 302

18 Neurobiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders 309
Borwin Bandelow

Introduction 309

Mood Disorders 312

Psychotic Disorders 314

Anxiety Disorders 316

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 317

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 317

Somatic Symptom Disorders 318

Substance-Related Disorders 318

Eating Disorders 319

Personality Disorders 320

Dementia 321

Sleep Disorders 321

Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 321

Summary 322

19 Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327
Bram Van Bockstaele, Elske Salemink, Brian D. Ostafin, Anne Marie Meijer, and Susan M. Bögels

Popular Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327

Application of Mindfulness in Mental Health Care 328

Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Psychological Disorders 330

Discussion 338

Acknowledgments 340

20 Internet-Based Treatments 347
Gerhard Andersson and Thomas Berger

Introduction 347

Are Internet Treatments Effective? 348

The “How” Question 349

A Research Agenda for the World? 350

Challenges for the Future 351

Summary 353

21 Virtual Reality 361
Cristina Botella, Rosa M. Baños, Azucena García-Palacios, and Soledad Quero

Introduction 361

Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Different Psychological Disorders and Health Problems 362

Virtual Reality as an Ecological Context for Assessing Human Behavior 363

Virtual Reality as a Realistic Laboratory Setting for Psychopathology 365

Virual Reality Developments for the Treatment of Different Mental and Health Conditions 367

Future Perspectives and Ethical Implications of VR 373

Summary 374

22 Working Alliance 383
Nicole Everitt, Brad Cini, and Nikolaos Kazantzis

Measurement 384

Evidence for Relations with Outcome 384

Impact of Alliance Rater and Time of Assessment 386

Adapting Working Alliance Based on Patient Characteristics 387

The Therapeutic Relationship is More Than the Working Alliance: The Case of Cognitive Behavior Therapy 389

Conclusion 391

23 Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments 399
Anushka Patel and Devon E. Hinton

Why do we Need Culturally Adapted Treatments? 400

How to Adapt: Develop New Treatments or Modify what Works? 401

Evidence for Efficacy of Cultural Adaptation: What to Adapt 402

A Model of Anxiety Generation across Cultural Contexts 403

How to Culturally Adapt Treatment? 405

Summary 411

Index 419

STEFAN G. HOFMANN, PHD, is Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University, where he directs the Psychotherapy and Emotion Research Laboratory. His main research focuses on the mechanism of treatment change, translating discoveries from neuroscience into clinical applications, emotion regulation strategies, and cultural expressions of psychopathology. He is the author of more than three hundred scientific publications and twenty books. He is a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters, and has many other awards.

The first book to offer a truly global perspective on the theory and practice of clinical psychology

While clinical psychology is practiced the world over, up to now there has been no text devoted to examining it within a global context. The first book of its kind, Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective brings together contributions from clinicians and scholars around the world to share their insights and observations on the theory and practice of clinical psychology.

Cultural differences are an important variable in the practice of clinical psychology. Yet, due partly to language barriers and entrenched cultural biases, there is little cross-cultural pollination within the field. In fact, most of the popular texts were written for English-speaking European and Anglo-American audiences and translated for other countries. As a result, most psychologists are unaware of how their profession is conceptualized and practiced in different regions, or how their own practices can be enriched by knowledge of the theories and modalities predominant among colleagues in other parts of the world. This book represents an important first step toward rectifying that state of affairs. This book:

• Explores key differences and similarities in how clinical psychology is conceptualized and practiced with children, adolescents, and adults across different countries and cultures
• Addresses essential research methods, clinical interviews, psychometric testing, neuropsychological assessments, and dominant treatment modalities
• Follows a consistent format with each chapter focusing on a specific area of the practice of clinical psychology while integrating cultural issues within the discussion
• Includes coverage of how to adapt one's practice to the differing cultures of individual clients and how to work in multidisciplinary teams within a global context

Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective is a valuable resource for students, trainees, and practicing psychologists, especially those who work with ethnic minority groups or with interpreters. It is also a must-read for practitioners who are considering working internationally.