Carbohydrate Nanotechnology

Introducing the emerging field carbohydrate nanostructures, this book will be a unique resource for interested researchers to learn a range of methods of applying the field to their own work. Greater access, as well as greater collaboration, to this new interdisciplinary field is intended for both synthetic carbohydrate chemists and researchers in nanoscience related fields. It covers:

• the main types of nanostructures presently under investigation for modification by carbohydrates, including nanoparticles, nanorods, magnetic particles, dendrimers, nanoporous, and surface confined structures
• overview and introduction to the field of carbohydrate nanotechnology, and especially its applications to its biological systems
• Provides a unique resource for researchers to learn about the techniques used to characterize the physical and biological properties of carbohydrate-modified nanostructures

Contributors vii

Preface xi

1 Carbohydrate]Presenting Self]Assembled Monolayers: Preparation, Analysis, and Applications in Microbiology 1
Aline Debrassi, Willem M. de Vos, Han Zuilhof, and Tom Wennekes

2 Plasmonic Methods for the Study of Carbohydrate Interactions 53
Sabine Szunerits and Rabah Boukherroub

3 Carbohydrate]Modified Gold Nanoparticles 79
Mikkel B. Thygesen and Knud J. Jensen

4 Quantum Dot Glycoconjugates 99
Nan Li and Kagan Kerman

5 Conjugation of Glycans with Carbon Nanostructures 123
Zachary P. Michael, Alexander Star, and Sébastien Vidal

6 Synthesis of Glycopolymers and Recent Developments 137
Gokhan Yilmaz and C. Remzi Becer

7 Glycoclusters and their Applications as Anti]Infective Agents, Vaccines, and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 175
Juan Manuel Casas]Solvas and Antonio Vargas]Berenguel

8 Glyco]Functionalized Liposomes 211
Jacob J. Weingart, Pratima Vabbilisetty, and Xue]Long Sun

9 Glycans in Mesoporous and Nanoporous Materials 233
Keith J. Stine

10 Applications of Nanotechnology in Array]Based Carbohydrate Analysis and Profiling 267
Jared Q. Gerlach, Michelle Kilcoyne, and Lokesh Joshi

11 Scanning Probe Microscopy for the Study of Interactions Involving Glycoproteins and Carbohydrates 285
Yih Horng Tan

12 Sialic Acid]Modified Nanoparticles for β]Amyloid Studies 309
Hovig Kouyoumdjian and Xuefei Huang

13 Carbohydrate Nanotechnology and its Applications for the Treatment of Cancer 335
Shailesh G. Ambre and Joseph J. Barchi, Jr.

14 Carbohydrate Nanotechnology Applied to Vaccine Development 369
Rajesh Sunasee and Ravin Narain

15 Carbohydrate Nanotechnology and its Application to Biosensor Development 387
Andras Hushegyi, Ludmila Klukova, Tomas Bertok, and Jan Tkac

16 Nanotoxicology Aspects of Carbohydrate Nanostructures 423
Yinfa Ma and Qingbo Yang

Index 453

Keith J. Stine, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at University of Missouri -- St. Louis. He spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher at University of California Los Angeles working in the field of monolayers at the water-air interface in the lab of Prof. Charles M. Knobler. His research has focused on a range of projects related to molecular organization and recognition at interfaces, often of biological significance, including monolayers of chiral molecules, cyclodextrins, natural product –membrane interactions, and most recently of carbohydrate derivatives in collaboration with Prof. Alexei Demchenko. His work in the area of carbohydrate nanotechnology involves the application of nanoporous gold as a support for iterative carbohydrate synthesis and for the study of carbohydrate -- protein binding.

Introduces the emerging field of carbohydrate nanotechnology with emphasis on its applications to biological systems

When nanoparticles or nanostructures are integrated with complex carbohydrate structures, they are equipped with the biological functions of carbohydrates. This advances their applications to carbohydrate-binding proteins, creation of nanoscale carbohydrate vaccines, carbohydrate-based imaging, as well as therapeutics based on carbohydrate-related targets. At the rate of the field’s growth, it is possible to foresee the future realm of nanostructures built solely from carbohydrates, leading to profound applications in biomaterials or any functional materials with unique physical and mechanical properties.

Well-researched and interdisciplinary, Carbohydrate Nanotechnology explores the possibilities created by integrating carbohydrates with nanostructures for the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions, as well as sensing, diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The features of this monograph include:

• Extensive coverage of methods used to create and modify nanostructures such as gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, or magnetic particles with carbohydrates of biological significance
• Discussion of new advances in carbohydrate microarray technology based on the use of modified nanostructures
• Applications of modified nanoparticles to imaging of cell surface structure, as well as of carbohydrate-modified nanostructures, for the sensing of glycoforms and of glycoproteins
• Selected therapeutic applications in the realm of cancer, vaccines, and infectious diseases, and safety-related aspects of therapeutic use of carbohydrate-modified nanoparticles

Not limited to carbohydrate chemists, chemical biologists, medicinal chemists, or pharmaceutical industries, this book will be a unique resource for interested researchers to learn a range of methods of applying the techniques used to characterize the physical and biological properties of carbohydrate-modified nanostructures to their own work. Greater access, as well as greater collaboration, to this new interdisciplinary field is intended for both synthetic carbohydrate chemists and researchers in nanoscience-related fields.