Sodium-Ion Batteries

Presents uparalleled coverage of Na-ion battery technology, including the most recent research and emerging applications

Na-ion battery technologies have emerged as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to Li-ion batteries, particularly for large-scale storage applications where battery size is less of a concern than in portable electronics or electric vehicles. Scientists and engineers involved in developing commercially viable Na-ion batteries need to understand the state-of-the-art in constituent materials, electrodes, and electrolytes to meet both performance metrics and economic requirements.

Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology provides in-depth coverage of the material constituents, characterization, applications, upscaling, and commercialization of Na-ion batteries. Contributions by international experts discuss the development and performance of cathode and anode materials and their characterization - using methods such as NMR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computational studies - as well as ceramics, ionic liquids, and other solid and liquid electrolytes.

• Discusses the development of battery technology based on the abundant alkali ion sodium
• Features a thorough introduction to Na-ion batteries and their comparison with Li-ion batteries
• Reviews recent research on the structure-electrochemical performance relationship and the development of new solid electrolytes
• Includes a timely overview of commercial perspectives, cost analysis, and safety issues of Na-ion batteries
• Covers emerging technologies including Na-ion capacitors, aqueous sodium batteries, and Na-S batteries

The handbook Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology is an indispensable reference for researchers and development engineers, materials scientists, electrochemists, and engineering scientists in both academia and industry.

Volume 1

Preface xiii

Part I Anodes 1

1 Graphite as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries 3
Gustav Avall, Mustafa Goktas, and Philipp Adelhelm

2 Hard Carbon Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries 27
Fei Xie, Zhen Xu, Zhenyu Guo, Yuqi Li, Yaxiang Lu, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, and Yong-Sheng Hu

3 Alloy Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 61
Yan Yu, Xianhong Rui, and Xianghua Zhang

Part II Cathodes 93

4 Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode Materials 95
A. Robert Armstrong, Stephanie F. Linnell, Philip A. Maughan, Begoña Silván, and Nuria Tapia-Ruiz

5 Phosphate-Based Polyanionic Sodium-Ion Electrode Materials 129
G. M. Nolis, M. Casas-Cabanas, and M. Galceran

6 Prussian Blue Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 167
Sai Gourang Patnaik and Philipp Adelhelm

Part III Advanced Characterization of Na-Ion Battery Electrodes 189

7 Understanding Na-Ion Batteries on the Atomic Scale Through Operando X-ray and Neutron Scattering 191
Christian Kolle Christensen and Dorthe Bomholdt Ravnsbæk

8 NMR Investigations of Sodium-Ion Batteries 215
Christopher A. O’Keefe and Clare P. Grey

9 Computational Studies on Na-Ion Electrode Materials 259
Emilia Olsson and Qiong Cai

10 Pair Distribution Function Analysis of Sodium-Ion Batteries 301
Phoebe K. Allan and Joshua M. Stratford

Volume 2

Preface xiii

Part IV Electrolytes 333

11 Ester- and Ether-Based Electrolytes for Na-Ion Batteries 335
Yuqi Li, Lin Zhou, Fei Xie, Yu Li, Zhao Chen, Yaxiang Lu, and Yong-Sheng Hu

12 Ionic Liquid and Polymer-Based Electrolytes for Sodium Battery Applications 357
Maria Forsyth, Faezeh Makhlooghiazad, Fangfang Chen, Ju Sun, and Patrick C. Howlett

13 Sodium-ion-conducting Oxides Used as Solid Electrolytes in Sodium Batteries -- Learning from the Past 391
F. Tietz

14 Polymers in Sodium-Ion Batteries 429
Heather Au and Maria Crespo-Ribadeneyra

Part V Safety and Other Practical Aspects 501

15 Sodium-Ion Batteries: Aging, Degradation, Failure Mechanisms and Safety 503
Julia Weaving, James Robinson, Daniela Ledwoch, Guanjie He, Emma Kendrick, Paul Shearing, and Daniel Brett

16 Practical Application of Room Temperature Na-Ion Batteries 531
Kun Tang and Yu Ren

17 On the Environmental Competitiveness of Sodium-Ion Batteries -- Current State of the Art in Life Cycle Assessment 551
Jens Peters, Manuel Baumann, Marcel Weil, and Stefano Passerini

Part VI Other Na Based Technologies 573

18 High-Power Sodium-Ion Batteries and Sodium-Ion Capacitors 575
Binson Babu and Andrea Balducci

19 Rechargeable Seawater Batteries 603
Wang-geun Lee and Youngsik Kim

20 Sodium Solid-state Batteries 641
Edouard Quérel and Ainara Aguadero

Index 705

Maria-Magdalena Titirici is Chair of Sustainable Energy Materials, Imperial College London, UK, and a Chair in Emerging Sustainable Technologies with the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Philipp Adelhelm is Professor for Physical Chemistry at the Humboldt University Berlin, Germany, and heads a joint research group on operando battery analysis at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Germany.

Yong-Sheng Hu is Full Professor and Director of Key Laboratory for Rene-wable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Founder of HiNa Battery, China.

Presents uparalleled coverage of Na-ion battery technology, including the most recent research and emerging applications

Na-ion battery technologies have emerged as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to Li-ion batteries, particularly for large-scale storage applications where battery size is less of a concern than in portable electronics or electric vehicles. Scientists and engineers involved in developing commercially viable Na-ion batteries need to understand the state-of-the-art in constituent materials, electrodes, and electrolytes to meet both performance metrics and economic requirements.

Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology provides in-depth coverage of the material constituents, characterization, applications, safety, and commercialization of Na-ion batteries. Contributions by international experts discuss the development and performance of cathode and anode materials as well as liquid and solid electrolytes. Specific chapters address analytical tools (NMR, X-ray and neutron scattering), computational studies and practical aspects.

• Features a comprehensive overview and discussion on the various electrode materials (graphite, carbons, alloys, layered oxide, phosphates, Prussian blue compounds) and electrolytes (organic liquid electrolytes, ionic liquids, solid oxide electrolytes, polymer electrolytes)
• Reviews the use of special analytical tools for electrode characterization and gives an overview on computational studies
• Includes a timely overview of commercial perspectives, life cycle assessment, and safety aspects of Na-ion batteries
• Covers emerging technologies including Na-ion capacitors, aqueous sodium batteries, and solid-state batteries

The handbook Sodium-Ion Batteries: Materials, Characterization, and Technology is an indispensable reference for researchers and development engineers, materials scientists, electrochemists, and engineering scientists in both academia and industry.