Sarcopenia

An in-depth examination of sarcopenia’s underexplored yet widespread impact within the field of gerontology

Sarcopenia is common in older men and women, and yet awareness of its clinical relevance is still relatively low. Only formally included in the International Classification of Diseases in 2016, the condition may impact societies with serious health-related and financial consequences unless consistent, effective methods of identification and management are adopted.

This second edition of Sarcopenia provides geriatricians and other healthcare professionals with a revised and expanded examination of this understudied and underdiagnosed condition. Edited by two leading authorities on the subject, it covers the epidemiology and diagnosis of sarcopenia, as well as treatment options and possible prevention strategies. Eight newly written chapters build upon existing knowledge with fresh data on topics including sarcopenia’s biomarkers and its impact on the healthcare economy. This important text:

• Defines sarcopenia and explains its clinical relevance
• Covers all recent scientific evidence
• Outlines treatment options
• Considers prevention strategies
• Discusses sarcopenia as a public health priority
• Features eight new chapters covering topics such as sarcopenia’s clinical management, its biomarkers, and its financial impact

Containing vital information for clinicians and other professionals working in geriatric care, nursing homes, nutrition, cancer, endocrinology, surgery, sports medicine and many other specialties, Sarcopenia, second edition, is a groundbreaking and essential new resource.Tiefgehende Analyse von Sarkopenie in der Gerontologie. Die Erkrankung ist noch immer wenig erforscht, hat jedoch weitreichende Auswirkungen in dem Fachgebiet.

Von Sarkopenie sind ältere Männer und Frauen betroffen. Im klinischen Kontext spielt die Krankheit, die erst 2016 formal in die Internationale Klassifikation von Krankheiten aufgenommen wurde, weiterhin eine ungeordnete Rolle. Die gesundheitlichen und finanziellen Folgen können für eine Gesellschaft immens sein, wenn keine einheitlichen und effektiven Verfahren umgesetzt werden, um die Erkrankung zu erkennen und zu behandeln.

In der überarbeiteten und erweiterten 2. Auflage von Sarcopenia erhalten Geriatern und weitere Experten aus dem Gesundheitssektor einen Überblick über diese kaum erforschte und wenig erkannte Erkrankung. Die Herausgeber sind namhafte Experten und betrachten die Epidemiologie und Diagnose der Sarkopenie, Behandlungsoptionen und mögliche Präventionsstrategien. Die acht neuen Kapitel bauen auf dem vorhandenen Wissensstand auf und liefern neue Erkenntnisse, u. a. zu Biomarkern bei Sakropenie und den Auswirkungen auf das Gesundheitswesen. Diese wichtige Publikation

- definiert Sarkopenie und erläutert die klinische Relevanz.
- präsentiert die jüngsten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse.
- beleuchtet Behandlungsoptionen.
- erläutert Präventionsstrategien.
- zeigt die Bedeutung von Sarkopenie im Gesundheitswesen.
- enthält acht neue Kapitel, u. a. zu dem klinischen Management der Erkrankung, zu Biomarkern und zu den finanziellen Folgen.

Die 2. Auflage von Sarcopenia ist ein bahnbrechendes und wichtiges neues Referenzwerk für Kliniker und weitere Experten in der Geriatrie, Altenpflege und Altenheimen und der Fachrichtungen Ernährung, Onkologie, Endokrinologie, Chirurgie, Sportmedizin sowie einer Vielzahl von Fachgebieten.

List of Contributors vii

Preface xiii

1 Definitions of Sarcopenia 1
Alfonso J. Cruz‐Jentoft, Beatriz Montero‐Errasquin and John E. Morley

2 Epidemiology of Muscle Mass Loss with Age 11
Marjolein Visser

3 The Role of Mitochondria in Age‐Related Sarcopenia 19
Luigi Ferrucci, Marta Zampino, Paul Coen and Bret H. Goodpaster

4 Motor Unit Remodeling 35
Ben Kirk and Mathew Piasecki

5 Nutrition, Protein Turnover and Muscle Mass 45
Stéphane Walrand, Christelle Guillet and Yves Boirie

6 Recognizing Persons at Risk for Sarcopenia 63
John E. Morley

7 Adverse Outcomes and Functional Consequences of Sarcopenia 71
Jean Woo

8 A Lifecourse Approach to Sarcopenia 77
Richard Dodds and Avan Aihie Sayer

9 Acute Sarcopenia 95
Beatrice Gasperini, Stefano Volpato and Antonio Cherubini

10 Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Intrinsic Capacity 115
Jurgen M. Bauer and Cornel Sieber

11 Osteosarcopenia 127
Ben Kirk, Jesse Zanker, Steven Phu and Gustavo Duque

12 Sarcopenic Obesity 147
Mauro Zamboni, Federica Macchi, Nicole Nori and Andrea P. Rossi

13 Sarcopenia and Cognitive Impairment 157
Liang‐Kung Chen

14 Sarcopenia and Other Chronic Organ Diseases 175
Hidenori Arai

15 Imaging of Skeletal Muscle 185
Thomas F. Lang

16 Measurements of Muscle Mass, Equations and Cut‐off Points 199
Marjolein Visser and Laura Schaap

17 Deuterated Creatine Dilution to Assess Muscle Mass (D3‐Cr Muscle Mass) in Humans: Methods, Early Results, and Future Directions 227
Peggy M. Cawthon and William J. Evans

18 Measurement of Muscle Strength and Power 239
Michael Drey, Sandra Helmers and Jürgen M. Bauer

19 Measurements of Physical Performance 253
Laura Orlandini, Yves Rolland and Matteo Cesari

20 Biomarkers for Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia: A “Two‐Body Problem” 271
Anna Picca, Riccardo Calvani and Emanuele Marzetti

21 Quality of Life and Sarcopenia 279
Charlotte Beaudart, Jean‐Yves Reginster, Olivier Bruyère and Anton Geerinck

22 Exercise Interventions to Prevent and Improve Sarcopenia 305
Mark D. Peterson and Jose A. Serra

23 Nutritional Approaches to Treat Sarcopenia 335
Tommy Cederholm, Jurgen M. Bauer and Alfonso J. Cruz‐Jentoft

24 Beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) and Sarcopenia 355
Francesco Landi, Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca and Emanuele Marzetti

25 The Future of Drug Treatments 367
Francesco Landi, Graziano Onder and Rolland Yves

26 Sarcopenia: Is It Preventable? 403
Stany Perkisas, Keliane Liberman, Ivan Bautmans and Maurits Vandewoude

27 Financial Impact of Sarcopenia 421
Kristina Norman

28 Sarcopenia Management for Clinicians 433
Renuka Visvanathan and Solomon Yu

Index 441

Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft, MD, Professor, Geriatrics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, and Director of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.

John E. Morley, MD, Professor, Geriatrics, St Louis University Medical School, St Louis, MO, USA.

An in-depth examination of sarcopenia's underexplored yet widespread impact within the field of gerontology

Sarcopenia is common in older men and women, and yet awareness of its clinical relevance is still relatively low. Only formally included in the International Classification of Diseases in 2016, the condition may impact societies with serious health-related and financial consequences unless consistent, effective methods of identification and management are adopted.

This second edition of Sarcopenia provides geriatricians and other healthcare professionals with a revised and expanded examination of this understudied and underdiagnosed condition. Edited by two leading authorities on the subject, it covers the epidemiology and diagnosis of sarcopenia, as well as treatment options and possible prevention strategies. Eight newly written chapters build upon existing knowledge with fresh data on topics including sarcopenia's biomarkers and its impact on the healthcare economy. This important text:

• Defines sarcopenia and explains its clinical relevance
• Covers all recent scientific evidence
• Outlines treatment options
• Considers prevention strategies
• Discusses sarcopenia as a public health priority
• Features eight new chapters covering topics such as sarcopenia’s clinical management, its biomarkers, and its financial impact

Containing vital information for clinicians and other professionals working in geriatric care, nursing homes, nutrition, cancer, endocrinology, surgery, sports medicine and many other specialties, Sarcopenia, second edition, is a groundbreaking and essential new resource.