Profiles in Flue Gas Desulfurization

As the need to control process emissions has increased, so have the number of FGD treatment and control strategies. The effectiveness of these treatments vary greatly, depending the types and levels of the materials, as well as the size of the facility. Profiles in Flue Gas Desulfurization will help engineers and managers identify the technologies that best fit their plant and/or processes. It’s a quick and easy reference to all “tail-end” SO2 control processes currently in commercial use or “on the brink,” providing an effective “snapshot” of where this technology stands in industry today. The technologies are divided into waste producing processes, where the end product is a “clean waste,” and byproduct processes, where the end product has market value. Each technology profile includes a schematic depicting its major equipment components and arrangement, laid out side-by-side with descriptive text on how the process works, where and how it is currently being utilized, its operational requirements, advantages and limitations for typical applications, and a brief list of principal suppliers. Section 1 Profiles in Flu Gas Desulfurization 3

Section 2 FDG Technology Profiles Waste Producing Processes 9

Section 3 FDG Technology Profiles Byproduct Processes 51

Dr. Richard R. Lunt has over 25 years experience in process research, development, design and implementation with United Engineers and Constructors (now Raytheon), and Arthur D. Little, Inc., where he is currently a principal in the environmental science and technology practice. A B.S. chemistry graduate from Colgate University, who hold M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from Columbia University, Lunt has worked on the design of more than a dozen FGD systems, has coordinated process research and development for six new FGD technologies, and holds three patents, two in the development of SO₂ control technology. Lunt is a Registered Professional Engineer in three states, and a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and Sigma Xi.

John D. “Jack” Cunic is a senior staff engineer with ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company in Florham Park, New Jersey, where his responsibilities include heading the Air Environmental Applications Group responsible for conducting in-depth screening studies and identifying required air pollution control equipment. A graduate of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he obtained both his B.S. and M.S. degrees in chemical engineering, Cunic conducted the study which identified Exxon’s Wet Gas Scrubbing system for FCCU’s as a viable alternative, and provided technical startup assistance for the first commercial unit in 1974. He is a member of AIChE,AWMA, and API, and has authored numerous papers on scrubbing, precipitators, and flue gas desulfurization systems.

Need to clean up your plant’s SO₂ emissions? You have quite a number of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) options from which to choose. As the need to control process emissions has increased, so have the number of FGD treatment and control strategies…with varying levels of effectiveness given the materials involved, the size of the facility, and other factors.

Profiles in Flue Gas Desulfurization was written to help engineers and managers sort through these options and identify the technology that best fits their plant and/or processes. It’s a quick and easy reference to all “tail-end” SO₂ control processes currently in commercial use or “on the brink,” providing an effective “snapshot” of where this technology stands in industry today. Technologies profiled include:

• Conventional Lime Slurry
• Circulating Fluid/Entrained Bed
• Seawater Scrubbing
• Condensing Heat Exchangers
• Direct Sulfuric Acid Conversion
• Dilute Sulfuric Acid to Gypsum
• Kurabo Process-Ammonia/Lime Dual Alkali
• Ammonia Scrubbing-Once Through
• Electron Beam Irradiation
• Wellman Lord Process

Highlighted technologies are divided into two groups—Waste Producing Processes, where the end product is a “clean waste,” and Byproduct Processes, where the end product has some market value. Each technology profile includes a schematic depicting its major equipment components and arrangement, laid out side-by-side with descriptive text that summarizes how the process works, where and how it is currently being utilized, its operational requirements, advantages and limitations for typical applications, and a brief list of principal suppliers.