Normal Binocular Vision

Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment. Clinical anomalies pose a wide range of problems to the sufferer, but normal binocular operation must first be understood before the eye specialist can assess and treat dysfunctions.

This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics and ophthalmology, and also of psychology. Chapters span such key topics as binocular summation, fusion, the normal horopter, anatomy of the extra-ocular muscles, oculomotor control, binocular integration and depth perception.

Fully illustrated throughout, the book includes self-assessment exercises at the end of each chapter, and sample experiments in binocular vision functioning.

Preface v

Acknowledgements vi

Abbreviations vii

Chapter 1: Introduction to Normal Binocular Vision 1

Chapter 2: The Development of Binocular Vision 15

Chapter 3: Binocular Summation 29

Chapter 4: The Binocular Fusion System 38

Chapter 5: Diplopia and Confusion, Suppression and Rivalry 57

Chapter 6: The Normal Horopter 72

Chapter 7: The Extrinsic, or Extra-ocular, Muscles 100

Chapter 8: Eye Movements 119

Chapter 9: Visual Response to Near Objects 140

Chapter 10: The Binocular Integrative Action of the Visual System 152

Chapter 11: Depth Perception 172

Chapter 12: Measurement of Binocular Motor and Sensory Status 196

Appendix 1: Practical Experiments in Binocular Vision 218

Appendix 2: Summary of Cortical Organisation in Relation to Vision 235

Appendix 3: Further Reading 236

Appendix 4: Norms for Binocular Visual Functions 237

Appendix 5: Terminology 238

Appendix 6: Glossary 240

References 249

Index 263

"Overall, this book is admirable and largely successful in its aim of providing a manageable theoretical background for the binocular vision student or clinician, and as such I can recommend it to any optometrist who feels a little unsure or rusty in this area." (Optician, 10 February 2012) David Stidwill F.C.Optom., Dip. C.L.P. works in private practice and is a visiting lecturer at the Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham. He is Honorary Secretary of the Orthoptic and Binocular Vision Association, and is an examiner for the College of Optometrists.

Robert Fletcher M.Sc (Tech) F.C.Optom., D.Orth is Professor Emeritus in Optometry & Visual Science at City University, London.

Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment.

This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics, and ophthalmology, and also of psychology. Fully illustrated throughout, the book includes self-assessment exercises at the end of each chapter, and sample experiments in binocular vision functioning.

Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment. Clinical anomalies pose a wide range of problems to the sufferer, but normal binocular operation must first be understood before the eye specialist can assess and treat dysfunctions.

This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics and ophthalmology, and also of psychology. Chapters span such key topics as binocular summation, fusion, the normal horopter, anatomy of the extra-ocular muscles, oculomotor control, binocular integration and depth perception.

Fully illustrated throughout, the book includes self-assessment exercises at the end of each chapter, and sample experiments in binocular vision functioning.