Global Trade Policy

Using a unique, question-based format, Global Trade Policy offers accessible coverage of the key questions in trade and policy; it charts the changing policy landscape and evolving institutional arrangements for trade policies, examines trade theory, and provides students with an economic framework to better understand the current issues in national and international trade policy.

• Uses a unique, question-based format to explore the questions and current debates in international trade policy and their implications
• Explores trade theory to help guide discussions of trade policy, including traditional theories of inter-industry trade, as well as newer theories of intra-industry and intra-firm trade
• Examines the national and international effects of widely used policies designed to directly and indirectly affect trade, and considers the evolving institutional arrangements for these
• Charts the changing policy landscape from traditional trade policies – such as tariffs, quantitative restrictions, and export subsidies – to those including intellectual property rights, labor, the environment, and growth and development policies
• Covers national as well as global perspectives and their interaction, helping to explain opposing views on trade policy and liberalization
• Includes applied exercises enabling students to explore open-ended and realistic questions of policy debate, making it ideal for classroom use; an instructor’s manual and a range of other resources are available at www.wiley.com/go/globaltradepolicy

Acknowledgments xi

List of Tables xv

List of Figures xvii

Preface xxi

Part One Trade Theory as Guidance to Trade Policy 1

1 Preliminaries: Trade Theory 3

1.1 What Are the Core Questions Asked by International Trade Economists? 3

1.2 How Can Trade Theory Provide Guidance to Trade Policy? 4

1.3 How Has International Trade Evolved over Time in Practice? 5

1.4 How Has Trade Theory Evolved over Time? 6

1.5 How Is the Book Organized? 9

Further Reading 11

2 Inter-industry Trade 13

2.1 What Are the Effects of Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Technologies? 14

2.2 What Are the Effects of Trade in the Long Run, When Countries Differ in Endowments? 24

2.3 What Are the Effects of Trade in the Short Run, When Countries Differ in Immobile Endowments? 39

2.4 Summary Remarks 51

Applied Problems 54

Further Reading 55

3 Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm Trade 57

3.1 What Is Intra-Industry Trade and Its Effects? 58

3.2 What Is Intra-Firm Trade and Its Effects? 65

3.3 Summary Remarks 71

Applied Problems 74

Further Reading 76

Notes 78

Part Two Trade Policies and Their Effects 81

4 Preliminaries: Trade Policy and Welfare Considerations 83

4.1 What Are Traditional Trade Policies? 83

4.2 What Approaches Are Used to Examine Trade Policy? 84

4.3 What Are the Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade Policy? 85

4.4 How Is Part Two Organized? 88

Further Reading 89

Note 90

5 Tariffs 91

5.1 What Are Tariffs, Their Types and Purpose? 91

5.2 What Are the Effects of Tariffs? 92

5.3 What Are the Effects of Tariff Liberalization? 107

5.4 How Protective Are Tariffs of the Domestic Industry? 109

5.5 Summary Remarks 111

Applied Problems 115

Further Reading 116

Notes 117

6 Export Subsidies 119

6.1 What Are Export Subsidies, Their Types and Purpose? 119

6.2 What Are the Effects of Export Subsidies? 120

6.3 What Are the Effects of Liberalizing Export Subsidies? 137

6.4 Summary Remarks 138

Applied Problems 142

Further Reading 143

Note 143

7 Quantitative Restrictions 145

7.1 What Are Quantitative Restrictions, Their Types and Purpose? 145

7.2 What Are the Effects of Quantitative Restrictions? 147

7.3 Summary Remarks 157

Applied Problems 160

Further Reading 160

8 Policy Comparisons 163

8.1 What Are Policy Equivalents, and Their Purpose? 163

8.2 What Are the Relative Effects of Policy Equivalents? 164

8.3 What Are the Relative Effects of Liberalizing Policies? 172

8.4 What Are the Effects of Substituting Policies? 174

8.5 Summary Remarks 176

Applied Problems 180

Further Reading 182

Note 182

Part Three Trade-Related Policies 183

9 Preliminaries: Trade-Related Policies and Trade in Services 185

9.1 What Are Trade-Related Policies? 185

9.2 How Have Trade-Related Policies Evolved over Time in Practice? 186

9.3 How Have Trade Policies Toward Services Evolved over Time in Practice? 188

9.4 How Is Part Three Organized? 190

Further Reading 191

Notes 192

10 Intellectual Property Rights 193

10.1 What Are Intellectual Property Rights, Their Types, and Purpose? 193

10.2 What Are the Effects of Intellectual Property Rights? 196

10.3 How Have Intellectual Property Rights Evolved over Time in Practice? 202

10.4 What Are the Intellectual Property Rights Issues on the Policy Frontier? 206

10.5 Summary Remarks 208

Applied Problems 211

Further Reading 212

Notes 214

11 Environmental Policies 215

11.1 What Are Trade-Related Environmental Policies, Their Types and Purpose? 215

11.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on the Environment? 216

11.3 What Are the Effects of Environmental Policy on Trade? 219

11.4 What Are the Implications of Using Trade Policy to Address Environmental Externalities? 221

11.5 Summary Remarks 232

Applied Problems 235

Further Reading 237

Notes 238

12 Labor Policies 239

12.1 What Are Trade-Related Labor Policies, Their Types, and Purpose? 239

12.2 What Are the Effects of Trade Policy on Labor? 241

12.3 How Can the Gains and Losses from Trade Be Redistributed within Countries? 264

12.4 What Are the Effects of Labor Policy on Trade? 265

12.5 Summary Remarks 267

Applied Problems 270

Further Reading 271

Notes 272

13 Growth and Development Policies 273

13.1 What Are Trade-Related Development and Growth Policies, Their Types, and Purpose? 273

13.2 What Are the Effects of Trade on Development and Growth? 275

13.3 What Are the Effects of Growth on Development (or Welfare) in the Presence of Trade? 287

13.4 Summary Remarks 295

Applied Problems 298

Further Reading 299

Notes 301

Part Four Trade Arrangements 303

14 Regional and Multilateral Arrangements 305

14.1 What Are the Institutional Arrangements for Trade Policy? 306

14.2 What Are the Effects of Alterative Arrangements for Trade Policy? 310

14.3 Are Regional Arrangements Stepping Stones or Stumbling Blocks to Multilateral Liberalization? 321

14.4 Summary Remarks 323

Applied Problems 327

Further Reading 329

Notes 331

References 333

Index 339

"Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduate and graduate students." (Choice, 1 May 2014)

Pamela J. Smith is Associate Professor of applied economics at the University of Minnesota and teaches international trade and policy at the graduate and undergraduate levels

In Global Trade Policy, economist Pamela J. Smith explores the key questions raised about global trade and policy today —and the answers that emerge from economic research. During the past two decades, the character of global trade and policy has changed in unprecedented ways. Attention has turned from traditional trade policies —such as tariffs, quantitative restrictions, and export subsidies —to trade related policies including intellectual property rights, labor policies, environmental policies, and growth and development policies. The institutional arrangements for these policies continue to evolve with substantial international debate. Offering accessible coverage for students of economics, business, public policy, and applied economics, this book provides an economic framework for understanding the current policy debates in global trade. Readers are first given background knowledge of trade theory to help guide discussions of trade policy, including traditional theories of inter industry trade, as well as newer theories of intra industry and intra firm trade. They then examine the national and global effects of widely used policies designed to directly affect trade, the indirect impacts of newer trade related policies, and the institutional arrangements for these policies. The distinctive question based format provides an accessible structure for students to grasp the key issues in this field, and the inclusion of reading lists and applied exercises enable them to explore open ended and realistic questions of policy debate.

"Unique for its strong focus on important policy questions in international trade and development economics. It provides comprehensive analysis of issues that generally do not appear in an introductory international economics text, including trade policy equivalence, intellectual property rights, and international trade and its impacts on labor markets and the environment."
—Keith E. Maskus, University of Colorado at Boulder

"This is an excellent and comprehensive treatment of the theory of international trade, trade policies, and institutional issues."
Robert M. Stern, Goldman School, University of California Berkeley

"Strong and subtle symmetry is a very attractive strength of this insightful treatment of modern policy interventions in globalized markets. Its structure is assiduously integrative, almost poetic in its analytics. Its applied questions encourage readers into the adventure of seasoned policy evaluation. It is a mature mentor -- more-than-primer -- for both activists and analysts, who need to go beyond the elementary anatomy of policy prescription for a global economy."
—J. David Richardson, Syracuse University and Peterson Institute for International Economics

“Pamela Smith fills a long-standing gap for students and policymakers wanting to understand contemporary trade issues like services, labor, and intellectual property rights, while remaining grounded in rigorous economics.”
—Michael J. Ferrantino