Evidence-based Gastroenterology and Hepatology

The revised fourth edition of Evidence-Based Gastroenterology and Hepatology continues to provide the most current, evidence-based information for determining the appropriate medical and surgical options for screening for, diagnosing, and treating gastrointestinal conditions. With contributions from an international team of leading experts in the field, the 4^th edition includes practical recommendations for the care of individual patients based on the latest scientific evidence.

Contributors xi

Preface xix

Part I Gastrointestinal disorders

1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 3
Sabine Roman and Peter J. Kahrilas

2 Barrett’s esophagus 21
Anh D. Nguyen, Stuart J. Spechler, and Kerry B. Dunbar

3 Esophageal motility disorders 35
Gabriel Lang, C. Prakash Gyawali, and Peter J. Kahrilas

4 Eosinophilic esophagitis 50
Craig C. Reed and Evan S. Dellon

5 Ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori infection: current treatment 68
Naoki Chiba

6 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-gastropathy and enteropathy 86
Moe H. Kyaw, Alaa Rostom, Katherine Muir, Catherine Dube, Emilie Jolicoeur, Michel Boucher, Peter Tugwell, George Wells, and Francis K.L. Chan

7 Acute non-variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage: treatment 110
Kathryn Oakland and Vipul Jairath

8 Functional dyspepsia 127
Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten

9 Celiac disease: diagnosis, screening, and prognosis 139
Adam S. Faye and Benjamin Lebwohl

10 Therapy for Crohn’s disease 150
Reena Khanna, Barrett G. Levesque, John W.D. McDonald, and Brian G. Feagan

11 Ulcerative colitis 173
Vipul Jairath, John W.D. McDonald, and Brian G. Feagan

12 Pouchitis after restorative proctocolectomy 187
Mathurin Fumery, Siddharth Singh, Darrell S. Pardi, and William J. Sandborn

13 Microscopic colitis: collagenous and lymphocytic colitis 196
Johan Bohr, Fernando Fernandez-Banares, and Ole K. Bonderup

14 Drug-induced diarrhea 208
Bincy P. Abraham, and Joseph H. Sellin

15 Prevention and treatment of travelers’ diarrhea 225
David R. Tribble

16 Metabolic bone disease in gastrointestinal disorders 240
Herman Bami, Arthur N. Lau, and Jonathan D. Adachi

17 Colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: surveillance 258
Paul Collins, Bret A. Lashner, and Alastair J.M. Watson

18 Colorectal cancer: population screening and surveillance 271
Catherine Dube and Linda Rabeneck

19 Clostridium difficile infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment 284
Lynne V. McFarland, Christina M. Surawicz, and Stephen M. Vindigni

20 Irritable bowel syndrome 306
Alexander C. Ford

21 Intestinal pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie’s syndrome) 332
Meihuan Chang and Alexander G. Heriot

22 Gallstone disease 342
Kurinchi S. Gurusamy and Brian R. Davidson

23 Acute pancreatitis 353
Kurinchi S. Gurusamy and Brian R. Davidson

Part II Liver disease

24 Acute-on-chronic liver failure: diagnosis prognosis and treatment 363
Jane Macnaughtan

25 Acute liver failure: prognosis and management 374
Jennifer Price, Brian J. Hogan, and Banwari Agarwal

26 Infection in cirrhosis 384
Elisa Brauns and Thierry Gustot

27 Liver biopsy 395
Benjamin H. Mullish, Naveenta Kumar, Robert D. Goldin, and Pinelopi Manousou

28 Pregnancy and liver disease 408
J.J. King and R.H. Westbrook

29 Cholangiocarcinoma 425
Peter L. Labib, Giuseppe K. Fusai, and Stephen P. Pereira

30 Noninvasive tests of liver fibrosis 445
Laurent Castera

31 Hepatitis C: treatment 454
Mary D. Cannon Kosh Agarwal and Geoffrey Dusheiko

32 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: in special situations 470
Eleni Koukoulioti and Thomas Berg

33 Hepatitis B: prognosis and treatment 490
Apostolos Koffas, Upkar Gill, and Patrick Kennedy

34 Alcoholic liver disease 503
Meritxell Ventura-Cots, Nambi Ndugga, and Ramon Bataller

35 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 523
Marie Boyle and Quentin M. Anstee

36 Hemochromatosis 547
Gary P. Jeffrey and Paul C. Adams

37 Wilson’s disease 554
Claire Kelly, Aftab Ala, and Michael L. Schilsky

38 Primary biliary cholangitis (formerly primary biliary cirrhosis) 574
Palak J. Trivedi and Gideon M. Hirschfield

39 Autoimmune hepatitis 592
Martha M. Kirstein, Arndt Vogel, and Michael P. Manns

40 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 602
Mette Vesterhus and Tom H. Karlsen

41 Variceal bleeding 619
Damien Leith and Rajeshwar P. Mookerjee

42 Hepatic venous outflow syndromes and splanchnic venous thrombosis 645
Laure Elkrief and Dominique Valla

43 Ascites hyponatremia spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome 662
Salvatore Piano, Marta Tonon, and Paolo Angeli

44 Hepatic encephalopathy: classification diagnosis and treatment 676
Radha K. Dhiman and Sahaj Rathi

45 Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnosis and prognosis 693
Massimo Colombo and Massimo Iavarone

46 Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment 703
Alexa Childs and Tim Meyer

47 Drug-induced liver disease: mechanism and diagnosis 715
Camilla Stephens, M. Isabel Lucena and Raul J. Andrade

48 Liver transplantation: prevention and treatment of rejection 729
Francois Durand and Claire Francoz

49 Liver transplantation: prevention and treatment of infection 744
Marta Bodro, Javier Fernandez, and Asuncion Moreno

50 Management of HCV infection after liver transplantation 753
Audrey Coilly, Bruno Roche, and Didier Samuel

Index 765

Edited by

John W.D. McDonald, Professor of Medicine, Robarts Clinical Trials, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Brian G. Feagan, Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Robarts Clinical Trials, Robarts Research Unit, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Rajiv Jalan, Professor of Hepatology and Head, Liver Failure Group, University College London, London, UK.

Peter J. Kahrilas, Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

EVIDENCE-BASED GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FOURTH EDITION

The revised fourth edition of Evidence-Based Gastroenterology and Hepatology continues to provide the most current, evidence-based information for determining the appropriate medical and surgical options for screening for, diagnosing, and treating gastrointestinal conditions. With contributions from an international team of leading experts in the field, this edition includes practical recommendations for the care of individual patients based on the latest scientific evidence.

The text offers a unique resource that takes a completely evidence-based approach, and is designed to be an essential tool for gastroenterologists at all levels to consult frequently to improve the management of their time. Chapters review the clinical questions most often encountered by gastroenterologists in their daily practise. The text's evidence (randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews or lower quality trials) and treatment recommendations are rated for quality using the respected GRADE framework. This newly revised edition:

• Offers seven new chapters on the latest topics relevant to gastroenterology and hepatology
• Provides a guide to patient management regimens that are supported by evidence
• Includes a consistent rating of evidence quality using GRADE framework
• Contains contributions from an acclaimed, international editorial team
• Puts the focus on the most patient-important, clinical questions likely to be encountered

Written for gastroenterologists, hepatologists and specialty trainees in gastroenterology/hepatology, the revised edition of Evidence-Based Gastroenterology and Hepatology offers an evidence-based resource that appraises the evidence for the diagnostic tests and treatment regimens for gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases.