Biocatalysis for Green Chemistry and Chemical Process Development

This book describes recent progress in enzyme-driven green syntheses of industrially important molecules. The first three introductory chapters overview recent technological advances in enzymes and cell-based transformations, and green chemistry metrics for synthetic efficiency. The remaining chapters are directed to case studies in biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals (small molecules, natural products and biologics), flavors, fragrance and cosmetics, fine chemicals, value-added chemicals from glucose and biomass, and polymeric materials.

The book is aimed to facilitate the industrial applications of this powerful and emerging green technology, and catalyze the advancement of the technology itself.

Contributors vii

Preface xi

Part I. Introduction Chapters 1

1. Biotechnology Tools for Green Synthesis: Enzymes, Metabolic Pathways, and Their Improvement by Engineering 3

2. How Green Can the Industry Become with Biotechnology? 23

3. Emerging Enzymes and Their Synthetic Applications 45

4. Reaction Efficiencies and Green Chemistry Metrics of Biotransformations 67

Part II. Application and Case Studies-Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals 89

5. Biocatalytic Routes to Chiral Intermediates for Development of Drugs 91

6. Transglutaminase for Protein Drug Modification: Pegylation and Beyond 151

7. Microbial Production of Plant-Derived Pharmaceutical Natural Products Through Metabolic Engineering: Artemisinin and Beyond 173

8. Toward Greener Therapeutic Proteins 197

Part III. Application and Case Studies-Flavor & Fragrance, Agrochemicals and Fine Chemicals 221

9. Opportunities for Biocatalysis in the Flavor, Fragrance, and Cosmetic Industry 223

10. Application of Biocatalysis in the Agrochemical Industry 255

11. Green Porduction of Fine Chemicals by Isolated Enzymes 277

12. Whole Cell Production of Fine Chemicals and Intermediates 299

Part IV. Application and Case Studies-Polymers and Renewable Chemicals 327

13. Green Chemistry for the Production of Biodegradable, Biorenewable, Biocompatible, and Polymers 329

14. Enzymatic Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass 361

15. Bioconversion of Nenewables-Plant Oils 391

16. Microbial Bioprocesses for industrial-Scale Chemical Production 429

Index 469

“Therefore, this book is a valuable compendium for researchers and users of biocatalysis from both, the academic and the industrial world.” (Catal Lett, 1 March 2013)

“This book is well organised, containing most key subjects one would expect in the multiple research areas of biocatalysis. It is suitable for graduate level students, postdocs, and industrial researchers. It also can be regarded as an auxiliary textbook for students who wish to know the pros and cons of biocatalysis in chemical processes, and what the future holds for the development of biotechnology in green chemistry.” (Chemistry World, 2012)

JUNHUA (Alex) TAO is currently CEO of Metabomics, Inc. Prior to that; he was the CSO of Elevance Renewable Sciences, and the creator and head of the Biotransformations Group at Pfizer, where he was also a core member of the API Development Team. He co-authored over 60 publications including “Biocatalysis for the Pharmaceutical Industry” (Wiley, 2009) and co-invented over 20 patents. In addition, he was the recipient of the Pfizer Achievement Award, the Pfizer Green Chemistry Award, and a key member of the Lyrica process development team, which won the IChemE Award for Excellence in Green Chemistry and Engineering (2006).

ROMAS JOSEPH KAZLAUSKAS is Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics at the BioTechnology Institute of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. He is the coauthor of over eighty papers and reviews, and the book Hydrolases in Organic Synthesis. He also served as the co-chair of two Gordon Research Conferences, one on biocatalysis and one on green chemistry.

Biocatalysis for Green Chemistry and Chemical Process Development offers an exciting alternative to today's complex, multidisciplinary approach to green chemistry by focusing exclusively on the most potent weapon in this field's arsenal—biocatalysis. In-depth coverage details the technological advances being made in biocatalysis-driven green syntheses of industrially important molecules, as well as how these advances show great promise in streamlining current chemical processes for reducing or eliminating hazardous substances. In addition, coverage of the biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals (small molecules, natural products and biologics), flavors, fragrance and cosmetics, fine chemicals, and more underscore the book's main goal of facilitating industrial applications of this powerful and pioneering green technology. Highlights include:

• A variety of case studies, not only in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, but also specialty and bulk chemicals and polymers

• A comprehensive overview of green chemistry applications of enzyme-driven transformations for a wide range of industries

• A look at the application of biocatalysis across a wide range of chemical manufacturing fields, and why it is a good sustainable manufacturing option

Biocatalysis is emerging as a transformational technology uniquely suited to deliver green chemistry solutions for safer, efficient, and more cost-effective chemical synthesis. Biocatalysis for Green Chemistry and Chemical Process Development serves a key role in promoting this significant and potentially world-changing technology—and offers valuable perspective on achieving widespread sustainable industrial practices.